Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2020 May;172(1):135-139. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24045. Epub 2020 Mar 9.
Kranioti, Grigorescu, and Harvati have recently described (PLoS One 2019, 14(7),e0216718) the breakage to the Cioclovina 1 earlier Upper Paleolithic cranium as indicating fatal interhuman blunt trauma. We have reassessed their analysis in terms of the specimen's condition at discovery, its current condition, and the post-discovery history of the cranium.
The original Cioclovina 1 neurocranium and currently associated pieces were visually assessed for the nature of the damage to them, and the records of its discovery, the original 1942 photographs, and their subsequent history in Bucharest were reviewed.
The damage to Cioclovina 1, attributed by Kranioti and colleagues to perimortem blunt trauma, was not present at the time of its 1940-41 discovery in the Peştera Cioclovina Uscată. The "trauma" is from the World War II bombing of the University of Bucharest and subsequent attempts to restore the cranium. The damage does not, and cannot, document interhuman violence in the Pleistocene.
Although other cases of antemortem and perimortem trauma are known from the earlier Upper Paleolithic, and Pleistocene humans more broadly, there is absolutely no evidence of perimortem trauma on the Cioclovina 1 cranium. Proper assessment of levels and patterns of human trauma in the Pleistocene must be based on the correct paleontological, taphonomic, and historical assessment of the fossil remains in question.
Kranioti、Grigorescu 和 Harvati 最近在《公共科学图书馆·综合》（PLoS One 2019，14（7），e0216718）中描述了 Cioclovina 1 早期旧石器时代颅骨的断裂，认为这是致命的人际钝器创伤。我们根据标本发现时的状况、目前的状况以及颅骨的发现后历史，重新评估了他们的分析。
对原始的 Cioclovina 1 神经颅骨和目前相关的碎片进行了视觉评估，以确定其损伤的性质，并审查了其发现记录、1942 年的原始照片及其在布加勒斯特的后续历史。
Cioclovina 1 的损伤归因于 Kranioti 及其同事的濒死期钝器创伤，但在 1940-41 年在 Peştera Cioclovina Uscată 发现时并未出现。“创伤”来自于第二次世界大战期间对布加勒斯特大学的轰炸以及随后试图修复颅骨的行为。这种损伤并不能证明更新世存在人际暴力。
尽管更早的旧石器时代和更广泛的更新世人类已知存在其他生前和濒死期创伤的案例，但 Cioclovina 1 颅骨上绝对没有濒死期创伤的证据。对更新世人类创伤程度和模式的正确评估必须基于对所讨论的化石遗骸的正确古生物学、埋藏学和历史学评估。
