Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France.
Water Treatment and Management Consultancy, B.V, 2289 ED, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 May;27(13):14342-14364. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08165-w. Epub 2020 Mar 10.
This paper presents a comprehensive and critical comparison of four types of constructed wetlands (CWs): free water surface CW (FWSCW), vertical flow CW (VFCW), horizontal flow CW (HFCW), and hybrid CW (HCW) for the removal of 29 pharmaceuticals (PhCs) and 19 transformation products (TPs) using a global data compiled for 247 CWs reported in 63 peer-reviewed journal papers. Biodegradation (aerobic being more efficient than anaerobic) is the major removal mechanism for 16 out of 29 PhCs besides the influence of other processes (e.g., adsorption/sorption, plant uptake, and photodegradation). The HCW performed better followed by VFCW, HFCW, and FWSCW. The comparatively better removal in HCW might be due to the coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic conditions and longer hydraulic retention time considering more than one compartment enhances the removal of PhCs (e.g., diclofenac, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, trimethoprim, and atenolol), which are removed under both conditions and adsorption/sorption processes. The augmentation in dissolved oxygen by the application of artificial aeration improved the removal of PhCs, which are degraded under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, the better performance of aerated CWs could be due to the establishment of various microenvironments with different physicochemical conditions (aerobic and anaerobic), which facilitated the contribution of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways in the removal of PhCs. The removal of some of the PhCs takes place by the formation of their TPs and the nature of these TPs (persistent or non-biodegradable/biodegradable) plays a major role in their removal process.
本文对四种类型的人工湿地（CWs）进行了全面而深入的比较，包括自由水面 CW（FWSCW）、垂直流 CW（VFCW）、水平流 CW（HFCW）和混合 CW（HCW），以去除 29 种药物（PhCs）和 19 种转化产物（TPs）。使用全球数据，对 63 篇同行评议期刊论文中报道的 247 个 CW 进行了综合比较。除了其他过程（如吸附/吸收、植物吸收和光降解）的影响外，生物降解（好氧比厌氧更有效）是 29 种 PhCs 中 16 种的主要去除机制。混合 CW 的去除效果最好，其次是 VFCW、HFCW 和 FWSCW。HCW 的去除效果较好可能是由于好氧和厌氧条件并存，并且由于考虑到一个以上的隔室可以延长水力停留时间，从而增强了 PhCs 的去除（例如，双氯芬酸、对乙酰氨基酚、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺吡啶、甲氧苄啶和阿替洛尔），这些物质在两种条件下都可以被去除，并且可以通过吸附/吸收过程去除。人工曝气增加溶解氧，提高了在好氧条件下降解的 PhCs 的去除率。此外，曝气 CW 的更好性能可能是由于建立了具有不同物理化学条件（好氧和厌氧）的各种微环境，这有利于好氧和厌氧代谢途径在 PhCs 去除中的协同作用。一些 PhCs 的去除是通过形成其 TPs 来实现的，这些 TPs 的性质（持久性或不可生物降解/可生物降解）在它们的去除过程中起着重要作用。
