Li Peng, Wu Guoyao
North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA.
Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Amino Acids. 2020 Apr;52(4):523-542. doi: 10.1007/s00726-020-02833-4. Epub 2020 Mar 11.
We analyzed the composition of amino acids (AAs) in oligopeptides, proteins, and the free pool, as well as creatine, agmatine, polyamines, carnosine, anserine, and glutathione, in animal- and plant-derived feedstuffs. Ingredients of animal origins were black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFM), chicken by-product meal, chicken visceral digest, feather meal, Menhaden fishmeal, Peruvian anchovy fishmeal, Southeast Asian fishmeal, spray-dried peptone from enzymes-treated porcine mucosal tissues, poultry by-product meal (pet-food grade), spray-dried poultry plasma, and spray-dried egg product. Ingredients of plant origins were algae spirulina meal, soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate. All animal-derived feedstuffs contained large amounts of all proteinogenic AAs (particularly glycine, proline, glutamate, leucine, lysine, and arginine) and key nonproteinogenic AAs (taurine and 4-hydroxyproline), as well as significant amounts of agmatine, polyamines, creatine, creatinine, creatine phosphate, and glutathione. These nitrogenous substances are essential to either DNA and protein syntheses in cells or energy metabolism in tissues (particularly the brain and skeletal muscle). Of note, chicken by-product meal, poultry by-product meal, and spray-dried poultry plasma contained large amounts of carnosine and anserine (potent antioxidants). Compared with most of the animal-derived feedstuffs, plant-derived feedstuffs contained much lower contents of glycine and proline, little 4-hydroxyproline, and no creatine, creatinine, creatine phosphate, carnosine or anserine. These results indicate the unique importance of animal-source feedstuffs in improving the feed efficiency, growth and health of animals (including fish and companion animals). Because soy protein concentrate is consumed by infants, children and adults, as are BSFM and algae for children and adults, our findings also have important implications for human nutrition.
我们分析了动物和植物源性饲料中寡肽、蛋白质及游离氨基酸库中的氨基酸（AA）组成，以及肌酸、胍丁胺、多胺、肌肽、鹅肌肽和谷胱甘肽的含量。动物源性成分包括黑水虻幼虫粉（BSFM）、鸡肉粉、鸡内脏消化物、羽毛粉、鲱鱼粉、秘鲁鳀鱼粉、东南亚鱼粉、酶处理猪粘膜组织喷雾干燥蛋白胨、家禽副产品粉（宠物食品级）、喷雾干燥家禽血浆和喷雾干燥蛋制品。植物源性成分包括螺旋藻粉、豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白。所有动物源性饲料均含有大量的所有蛋白质氨基酸（尤其是甘氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸）和关键的非蛋白质氨基酸（牛磺酸和4-羟基脯氨酸），以及大量的胍丁胺、多胺、肌酸、肌酐、磷酸肌酸和谷胱甘肽。这些含氮物质对于细胞中的DNA和蛋白质合成或组织（尤其是大脑和骨骼肌）中的能量代谢至关重要。值得注意的是，鸡肉粉、家禽副产品粉和喷雾干燥家禽血浆含有大量的肌肽和鹅肌肽（强效抗氧化剂）。与大多数动物源性饲料相比，植物源性饲料中甘氨酸和脯氨酸的含量要低得多，4-羟基脯氨酸含量很少，且不含肌酸、肌酐、磷酸肌酸、肌肽或鹅肌肽。这些结果表明动物源性饲料在提高动物（包括鱼类和伴侣动物）的饲料效率、生长和健康方面具有独特的重要性。由于婴儿、儿童和成人都会食用大豆浓缩蛋白，儿童和成人也会食用黑水虻幼虫粉和藻类，因此我们的研究结果对人类营养也具有重要意义。
