Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1354:237-261. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_12.
Aquatic animals have particularly high requirements for dietary amino acids (AAs) for health, survival, growth, development, and reproduction. These nutrients are usually provided from ingested proteins and may also be derived from supplemental crystalline AA. AAs are the building blocks of protein (a major component of tissue growth) and, therefore, are the determinants of the growth performance and feed efficiency of farmed fish. Because protein is generally the most expensive ingredient in aqua feeds, much attention has been directed to ensure that dietary protein feedstuff is of high quality and cost-effective for feeding fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic animals worldwide. Due to the rapid development of aquaculture worldwide and a limited source of fishmeal (the traditionally sole or primary source of AAs for aquatic animals), alternative protein sources must be identified to feed aquatic animals. Plant-sourced feedstuffs for aquatic animals include soybean meal, extruded soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, soybean protein concentrates, soybean protein isolates, leaf meal, hydrolyzed plant protein, wheat, wheat hydrolyzed protein, canola meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, sunflower meal, peas, rice, dried brewers grains, and dried distillers grains. Animal-sourced feedstuffs include fishmeal, fish paste, bone meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, chicken by-product meal, chicken visceral digest, spray-dried poultry plasma, spray-dried egg product, hydrolyzed feather meal, intestine-mucosa product, peptones, blood meal (bovine or poultry), whey powder with high protein content, cheese powder, and insect meal. Microbial sources of protein feedstuffs include yeast protein and single-cell microbial protein (e.g., algae); they have more balanced AA profiles than most plant proteins for animal feeding. Animal-sourced ingredients can be used as a single source of dietary protein or in complementary combinations with plant and microbial sources of proteins. All protein feedstuffs must adequately provide functional AAs for aquatic animals.
水生动物对健康、生存、生长、发育和繁殖所需的膳食氨基酸（AAs）有特别高的要求。这些营养物质通常来自摄入的蛋白质，也可能来自补充的结晶 AA。AAs 是蛋白质的组成部分（组织生长的主要成分），因此是养殖鱼类生长性能和饲料效率的决定因素。由于蛋白质通常是水产饲料中最昂贵的成分，因此全球范围内都非常关注确保饲料蛋白质具有高质量和成本效益，以满足鱼类、甲壳类动物和其他水生动物的需求。由于全球水产养殖业的快速发展以及鱼粉（水生动物 AA 的传统单一或主要来源）的有限来源，必须确定替代蛋白质来源来喂养水生动物。水生动物的植物源性饲料包括豆粕、膨化豆粕、发酵豆粕、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、叶粉、水解植物蛋白、小麦、小麦水解蛋白、菜粕、棉籽粕、花生粕、葵花粕、豌豆、大米、干啤酒糟、干酒糟。动物源性饲料包括鱼粉、鱼浆、骨粉、肉骨粉、家禽副产物粉、鸡肉副产物粉、鸡内脏消化物、喷雾干燥禽血浆、喷雾干燥蛋制品、水解羽毛粉、肠黏膜产品、蛋白胨、血粉（牛或禽）、高蛋白乳清粉、奶酪粉和虫粉。蛋白质饲料的微生物来源包括酵母蛋白和单细胞微生物蛋白（如藻类）；与大多数植物蛋白相比，它们的 AA 谱更均衡，更适合动物喂养。动物源性成分可以作为单一的膳食蛋白质来源，也可以与植物和微生物来源的蛋白质互补组合使用。所有蛋白质饲料都必须为水生动物提供足够的功能性 AAs。
