Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN)-FRBB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
Curr Environ Health Rep. 2020 Jun;7(2):147-160. doi: 10.1007/s40572-020-00272-7.
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been intensely used and produced in South America. Although they were banned before the year 2000 (excepting endosulfan, which has been recently banned in several countries), OCPs remain detectable in marine environments of this continent, sometimes at risky levels for biota. This manuscript summarizes studies on OCP levels in the air, water, sediment, bivalves, fish, and marine mammals of the South American coasts and open waters over the last 20 years, tackling their spatial distribution and analyzing their associated ecotoxicological risk.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study integrating all available information on current levels of OCPs in South American marine environments. The 63 researches reviewed studied punctual sites or environmental compartments. The OCP levels were higher in semi-enclosed environments such as bays and estuaries, close to large cities. In terms of individual OCPs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation products were more abundant than other OCPs in all the environmental compartments, excepting air, for which the most abundant OCP was endosulfan. Depending on the location and the environmental matrix, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), heptachlors, mirex, and endosulfans followed DDTs. Aldrin, dieldrin and endrin, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and chlordanes were found at very low levels in most matrices and sites, with some exceptions. Considering their potential ecotoxicological risk, most sites would be safe for biota; however, the levels of some OCPs could damage the structure and function of the communities of several coastal sites in a short or long term, mainly in southeastern Brazil and on the coast of the Argentine Pampas. Moreover, it remains to evaluate many sites potentially contaminated by OCPs.
有机氯农药（OCPs）在南美洲被广泛使用和生产。尽管它们在 2000 年之前就被禁止使用（除了硫丹，它最近在几个国家被禁止使用），但 OCPs 仍在该大陆的海洋环境中被检测到，有时其浓度对生物群处于危险水平。本文总结了过去 20 年来在南美洲沿海和公海的空气、水、沉积物、双壳类动物、鱼类和海洋哺乳动物中 OCP 水平的研究，探讨了它们的空间分布，并分析了其相关的生态毒理风险。
据我们所知，这是首次综合所有关于南美洲海洋环境中当前 OCP 水平的现有信息的研究。综述中 63 项研究都研究了特定地点或环境组分。在靠近大城市的半封闭环境（如海湾和河口）中，OCP 水平较高。就个别 OCP 而言，在除空气外的所有环境组分中，二氯二苯三氯乙烷（DDT）及其降解产物比其他 OCP 更为丰富，而在空气中，最丰富的 OCP 是硫丹。根据位置和环境基质的不同，六氯环己烷（HCHs）、七氯、灭蚁灵和硫丹紧随 DDT 之后。艾氏剂、狄氏剂和异狄氏剂、六氯苯（HCB）和氯丹在大多数基质和地点的含量都很低，但也有一些例外。考虑到它们潜在的生态毒理风险，大多数地点对生物群都是安全的；然而，在短期内或长期内，一些 OCP 水平可能会破坏几个沿海地点的群落结构和功能，主要是在巴西东南部和阿根廷潘帕斯海岸。此外，还有许多可能受到 OCP 污染的地点需要进行评估。
