infection and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

, as an opportunistic neurotropic parasite of the Apicomplexa family, was firstly described in 1908. As attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents and often persists into adulthood, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the relationship between infection and ADHD.The data were systematically collected from seven electronic databases up to May 1 2019 with no language restriction. This study was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; code: CRD42020149353). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using a random effects model. Seven studies involving five cross-sectional and two case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis.Results indicated that there was a statistically non-significant association between exposure to infection and increased risk of ADHD based on the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (2.02 [95% CI: 0.97-4.20]; I=58.7%). However, obtained results of Egger's tests for anti- IgG antibody showed publication bias (P=0.014).Sensitivity analysis revealed stable results for the association between anti- IgG antibody with ADHD.Given the small number of studies in this field and the obtained results, it cannot be conclusively stated that is a risk factor for ADHD.It is important to have reliable information about the relationship between and ADHD around the world; as it may lead to better insight to elucidate the possible association of toxoplasmosis and the pathogenesis of ADHD.