The Calorimetric Detection of Excited States.

Calorimetric techniques offer the photophysicist and photochemist the opportunity to measure a number of parameters of excited states which may be difficult to obtain by other techniques. The calorimetric strategy seeks to measure the heating of a sample resulting from radiationless decays or chemical reactions of excited states. Heating is best measured through volume and pressure transducers, and four calorimeters based on these are described. With calorimetric instrumentation one can perform measurements on samples in the gas, liquid and solid phases over a wide temperature range. Moreover time dependent processes with time constants ranging from microseconds to seconds are amenable to study. Examples of the application of calorimetric techniques to the determination of quantum yields of fluorescence, triplet formation and photochemistry are given.