TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
Water Res. 2020 May 15;175:115706. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115706. Epub 2020 Mar 11.
Elevated concentrations of sulfamate, the anion of sulfamic acid, were found in surface waters and finished drinking water in Germany with concentrations up to 580 μg/L and 140 μg/L, respectively. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent was identified as the dominant source of sulfamate in the urban water cycle, as sulfamate concentrations correlated positively (0.77 > r < 0.99) with concentrations of the wastewater tracer carbamazepine in samples from different waterbodies. Ozonation and activated sludge experiments proved that sulfamate can be formed from chemical and biological degradation of various precursors. Molar sulfamate yields were highly compound-specific and ranged from 2% to 56%. However, the transformation of precursors to sulfamate in WWTPs and wastewater-impacted waterbodies was found to be quantitatively irrelevant, since concentrations of sulfamate in these compartments are already high, presumably due to its primary use as an acidic cleaning agent. Sulfamate concentrations in the influent and effluent of studied WWTPs ranged from 520 μg/L to 1900 μg/L and from 490 μg/L to 1600 μg/L, respectively. Laboratory batch experiments were performed to assess the recalcitrance of sulfamate for chemical oxidation. In combination with the results from sampling conducted at full-scale waterworks, it was shown that common drinking water treatment techniques, including ozonation and filtration with activated carbon, are not capable to remove sulfamate. The results of biodegradation tests and from the analysis of samples taken at four bank filtration sites indicate that sulfamate is attenuated in the sediment/water interface of aquatic systems and during aquifer passage under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Sulfamate concentrations decreased by between 62% and 99% during aquifer passage at the bank filtration sites. Considering the few data on short term ecotoxicity, about 30% of the presented sulfamate levels in ground and surface water samples did exceed the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of sulfamate, and thus effects of sulfamate on the aquatic ecosystem of wastewater-impacted waterbodies in Germany cannot be excluded so far. Toxicological estimations suggest that no risk to human health is expected by concentrations of sulfamate typically encountered in tap water.
在德国，地表水和饮用水中的磺酸盐（磺基氨基甲酸的阴离子）浓度分别高达 580μg/L 和 140μg/L。废水处理厂（WWTP）的出水被认为是城市水系统中磺酸盐的主要来源，因为磺酸盐浓度与不同水体中废水示踪剂卡马西平的浓度呈正相关（0.77>r<0.99）。臭氧氧化和活性污泥实验证明，磺酸盐可以通过各种前体的化学和生物降解形成。磺酸盐的摩尔产率高度取决于化合物的特异性，范围从 2%到 56%不等。然而，在 WWTP 和受废水影响的水体中，前体向磺酸盐的转化被发现是定量上不重要的，因为这些隔室中的磺酸盐浓度已经很高，这可能是由于其主要用作酸性清洁剂。在所研究的 WWTP 的进水和出水中，磺酸盐的浓度范围分别为 520μg/L 至 1900μg/L 和 490μg/L 至 1600μg/L。进行了实验室批量实验来评估磺酸盐的化学氧化稳定性。结合在全规模水厂进行的采样结果，表明常见的饮用水处理技术，包括臭氧氧化和活性炭过滤，都无法去除磺酸盐。生物降解测试和四个河岸过滤点的样本分析结果表明，磺酸盐在水生系统的沉积物/水界面以及在有氧和无氧条件下通过含水层时会被衰减。在河岸过滤点的含水层通过过程中，磺酸盐浓度降低了 62%至 99%。考虑到短期生态毒性的少量数据，在所呈现的地下水和地表水样本中，约 30%的磺酸盐水平超过了磺酸盐的预测无影响浓度（PNEC），因此到目前为止，还不能排除磺酸盐对受废水影响的水体水生生态系统的影响。毒理学估计表明，自来水中通常遇到的磺酸盐浓度不会对人体健康构成风险。
