Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Psychol Med. 2021 Aug;51(11):1822-1828. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720000549. Epub 2020 Mar 24.
Resting pulse is robustly and inversely associated with the risk for externalizing disorders and may be positively associated with internalizing disorders. We know little about the causal nature of these associations.
We examined resting pulse at conscription examination in 369 301 males born 1960-80 with a mean (s.d.) follow-up of 29.1 (7.7) years. From pulse rates, we predicted, using Cox models, the risk for criminal behavior (CB), drug abuse (DA), alcohol use disorder (AUD), major depression (MD), and anxiety disorders (AD), assessed from medical, criminal, and pharmacy registries. Co-relative analyses were conducted on the general population, cousin, half-sibling, full-sibling, and monozygotic pairs discordant for the outcome. Twin/sibling modeling for pulse was performed using OpenMX.
Familial resemblance for pulse resulted entirely from genetic factors. In the general population, the risk for externalizing disorders (CB, DA, and AUD) and internalizing disorders (MD and AD) were, respectively, significantly associated with low and high resting pulse rate. For CB, DA, and AUD, co-relative analyses showed that the inverse association with pulse resulted entirely from familial common causes (aka 'confounders'). By contrast, co-relative analyses found that the association between higher pulse and MD and AD resulted from direct causal effects.
Resting pulse has a negative and positive association with, respectively, the risk for externalizing and for internalizing disorders. Co-relative analyses indicate that the nature of these associations differ, suggesting that elevated pulse appears to directly increase the risk for internalizing disorders while the reduced pulse is a risk index for underlying traits that predispose to externalizing disorders.
静息脉搏与外化障碍的风险呈显著负相关，与内化障碍呈正相关。我们对外化和内化障碍之间关联的因果性质知之甚少。
我们在 1960-80 年出生的 369301 名男性入伍体检时检查了静息脉搏，平均（标准差）随访 29.1（7.7）年。使用 Cox 模型从脉搏率预测了犯罪行为（CB）、药物滥用（DA）、酒精使用障碍（AUD）、重度抑郁症（MD）和焦虑障碍（AD）的风险，这些疾病均来自医疗、刑事和药房登记处评估。在普通人群、表亲、半同胞、全同胞和对结果不一致的同卵双胞胎中进行了相对分析。使用 OpenMX 对脉搏进行双胞胎/兄弟姐妹建模。
脉搏的家族相似性完全来自遗传因素。在普通人群中，外化障碍（CB、DA 和 AUD）和内化障碍（MD 和 AD）的风险与低和高静息脉搏率分别显著相关。对于 CB、DA 和 AUD，相对分析表明，与脉搏的负相关完全来自家族共同原因（又名“混杂因素”）。相比之下，相对分析发现，较高的脉搏与 MD 和 AD 之间的关联来自直接的因果效应。
静息脉搏与外化障碍的风险呈负相关，与内化障碍的风险呈正相关。相对分析表明，这些关联的性质不同，这表明，较高的脉搏似乎直接增加了内化障碍的风险，而较低的脉搏是易患外化障碍的潜在特征的风险指标。
