Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
J Interpers Violence. 2022 Jan;37(1-2):423-448. doi: 10.1177/0886260520913643. Epub 2020 Mar 31.
Violent extremism is commonly conditioned by a variety of psychological processes and mechanisms that when activated or deactivated aid implication in extreme behavior, including destructive actions with a large dose of cruelty against people and groups. One of those processes is moral disengagement, which was originally postulated by Bandura. To test this relationship, the present research focused on studying these mechanisms in members of Colombian illegal armed groups. Total sample size was 18 (14 males and four females) demobilized members of the Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia [AUC]) and guerrilla organizations (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia [FARC], National Liberation Army [ELN], among others), which had participated directly or indirectly in violent actions against people and groups, which included murders, tortures, and massacres. Qualitative methodology was used, specifically in-depth interviews and content analysis. This analysis led to the verification in the narratives of the participants of the use of all the mechanisms of moral disengagement described by Bandura aiming to justify their behavior within the armed group. The most noteworthy mechanisms were those that minimized participation (especially, attributing behavior to obeying orders: displacement of responsibility) and moral justification, especially, the context of confrontation. Moral disengagement processes are found in armed group members (such as insurgency, terrorist organizations, or militias). These mechanisms cancel ordinary psychological reactions of rejection, fear, and moral controls that oppose the carrying out of cruelty and extreme violence.
暴力极端主义通常受到多种心理过程和机制的影响，这些过程和机制的激活或失活有助于实施极端行为，包括对人和群体进行具有大量残忍度的破坏性行动。这些过程之一是道德推脱，最初是由班杜拉提出的。为了检验这种关系，本研究专注于研究哥伦比亚非法武装团体成员中的这些机制。总样本量为 18 人（14 名男性和 4 名女性），是哥伦比亚自卫队（哥伦比亚联合自卫队 [AUC]）和游击队组织（哥伦比亚革命武装力量 [FARC]、民族解放军 [ELN]等）的前成员，他们直接或间接地参与了针对人和群体的暴力行动，包括谋杀、酷刑和大屠杀。使用了定性方法，特别是深入访谈和内容分析。该分析导致在参与者的叙述中验证了班杜拉描述的所有道德推脱机制的使用，这些机制旨在为他们在武装团体中的行为辩护。最值得注意的机制是那些最小化参与（特别是将行为归因于服从命令：责任转移）和道德辩护的机制，特别是对抗的背景。道德推脱过程在武装团体成员（如叛乱分子、恐怖组织或民兵）中存在。这些机制取消了普通的拒绝、恐惧和道德控制的心理反应，这些反应反对实施残忍和极端暴力。
