Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2020 Nov;149(11):2046-2062. doi: 10.1037/xge0000758. Epub 2020 Apr 6.
The memories we form are determined by what we attend to, and conversely, what we attend to is influenced by our memory for past experiences. Although we know that shifts of attention via eye movements are related to memory during encoding and retrieval, the role of specific memory processes in this relationship is unclear. There is evidence that attention may be especially important for some forms of memory (i.e., conscious recollection), and less so for others (i.e., familiarity-based recognition and unconscious influences of memory), but results are conflicting with respect to both the memory processes and eye movement patterns involved. To address this, we used a confidence-based method of isolating eye movement indices of spatial attention that are related to different memory processes (i.e., recollection, familiarity strength, and unconscious memory) during encoding and retrieval of real-world scenes. We also developed a new method of measuring the dispersion of eye movements, which proved to be more sensitive to memory processing than previously used measures. Specifically, in 2 studies, we found that familiarity strength-that is, changes in subjective reports of memory confidence-increased with (a) more dispersed patterns of viewing during encoding, (b) less dispersed viewing during retrieval, and (c) greater overlap in regions viewed between encoding and retrieval (i.e., resampling). Recollection was also related to these eye movements in a similar manner, though the associations with recollection were less consistent across experiments. Furthermore, we found no evidence for effects related to unconscious influences of memory. These findings indicate that attentional processes during viewing may not preferentially relate to recollection, and that the spatial distribution of eye movements is directly related to familiarity-based memory during encoding and retrieval. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
我们形成的记忆取决于我们关注的内容，反之，我们关注的内容又受到我们对过去经验的记忆的影响。虽然我们知道，通过眼球运动的注意力转移与编码和检索过程中的记忆有关，但特定记忆过程在这种关系中的作用尚不清楚。有证据表明，注意力可能对某些形式的记忆（即有意识的回忆）特别重要，而对其他形式的记忆（即基于熟悉度的识别和无意识的记忆影响）则不太重要，但关于涉及的记忆过程和眼球运动模式，结果存在冲突。为了解决这个问题，我们使用了一种基于信心的方法，来分离与编码和检索真实场景过程中的不同记忆过程（即回忆、熟悉度强度和无意识记忆）相关的眼球运动指标。我们还开发了一种新的测量眼球运动分散度的方法，该方法被证明比以前使用的方法更敏感。具体来说，在 2 项研究中，我们发现熟悉度强度——即记忆信心的主观报告的变化——与以下因素呈正相关：（a）编码过程中观看模式的分散度增加，（b）检索过程中观看模式的分散度降低，以及（c）编码和检索过程中观看区域的重叠度增加（即再采样）。回忆也以类似的方式与这些眼球运动相关，尽管在实验之间，回忆与眼球运动的关联不太一致。此外，我们没有发现与记忆无意识影响相关的证据。这些发现表明，观看过程中的注意力过程可能不会优先与回忆相关，并且眼球运动的空间分布与编码和检索过程中的基于熟悉度的记忆直接相关。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。
