Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar ICM-CSIC, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Aug;263(Pt A):114442. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114442. Epub 2020 Mar 28.
Pharmaceuticals such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been found in the marine environment. Although there is a large body of evidence that pharmaceutical drugs exert negative impacts on aquatic organisms, especially in the freshwater compartment, only limited studies are available on bioconcentration and the effects of NSAIDs on marine organisms. Bivalves have a high ecological and socio-economic value and are considered good bioindicator species in ecotoxicology and risk assessment programs. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge on the bioconcentration and the effects of three widely used NSAIDs, diclofenac, ibuprofen and paracetamol, in marine bivalves exposed under laboratory conditions. These pharmaceutical drugs were chosen based on their environmental occurrence both in frequency and concentration that may warrant their inclusion in the European Union Watch List. It has been highlighted that ambient concentrations may result in negative effects on wild bivalves after long-term exposures. Also, higher trophic level organisms may be more impacted due to food-chain transfer (e.g., humans are shellfish consumers). Overall, the three selected NSAIDs were reported to bioconcentrate in marine bivalves, with recognized effects at different life-stages. Immune responses were the main target of a long-term exposure to the drugs. The studies selected support the inclusion of diclofenac on the European Union Watch List and highlight the importance of extending research for ibuprofen and paracetamol due to their demonstrated negative effects on marine bivalves exposed to environmental realistic concentrations, under laboratory conditions.
药品如非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）已在海洋环境中被发现。虽然有大量证据表明，药物对水生生物，特别是在淡水环境中，有负面影响，但只有有限的研究涉及 NSAIDs 对海洋生物的生物浓缩和影响。双壳类动物具有很高的生态和社会经济价值，被认为是生态毒理学和风险评估计划中的良好生物指标物种。因此，本综述总结了目前关于三种广泛使用的 NSAIDs（双氯芬酸、布洛芬和扑热息痛）在实验室条件下暴露于海洋双壳类动物中的生物浓缩和影响的知识。选择这些药物是基于它们在环境中的出现频率和浓度，这可能需要将它们列入欧盟监测名单。研究结果强调，环境浓度可能导致野生双壳类动物在长期暴露后产生负面影响。此外，由于食物链传递（例如，人类是贝类消费者），更高营养级别的生物可能受到更大的影响。总体而言，这三种选定的 NSAIDs 被报道在海洋双壳类动物中具有生物浓缩性，并在不同的生命阶段表现出明显的影响。免疫反应是长期暴露于这些药物的主要目标。所选研究支持将双氯芬酸列入欧盟监测名单，并强调由于在实验室条件下，环境现实浓度对海洋双壳类动物产生了负面影响，因此有必要对布洛芬和扑热息痛进行扩展研究。
