Coupling of superconductivity and Coulomb blockade in Sn nanoparticles.

Low dimensional superconductors have many unusual properties. When 0-dimensional superconductors reach the nanometer scale, the superconducting energy gap can be enhanced due to the shell effect. At the same time, the single electron Coulomb blockade effect can also be observed on metal nanoparticles if they are weakly coupled to the environment. So, if a superconducting nanoparticle is isolated well from the environment, the superconducting gap and the Coulomb gap would couple together, making the tunneling spectrum more complicated and interesting. Here Sn nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of STO (111). The charging energy of a nanoparticle mainly depends on its size and is comparable to the superconducting gap when the isolated particle is large enough. The superconducting energy gap can be deduced from the coupling tunneling spectrum and the shell effect is observed. The method to deduce the superconducting gap here is simpler than when fit using the Dynes density of states. Owing to the increased superconducting gap and critical field, the studied nanoparticles may find applications in studies of the properties of Majorana fermions.