Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Apr 9;21(7):2606. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072606.
Tumors require a constant supply of nutrients to grow which are provided through tumor blood vessels. To metastasize, tumors need a route to enter circulation, that route is also provided by tumor blood vessels. Thus, angiogenesis is necessary for both tumor progression and metastasis. Angiogenesis is tightly regulated by a balance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Angiogenic factors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family lead to the activation of endothelial cells, proliferation, and neovascularization. Significant VEGF-A upregulation is commonly observed in cancer cells, also due to hypoxic conditions, and activates endothelial cells (ECs) by paracrine signaling stimulating cell migration and proliferation, resulting in tumor-dependent angiogenesis. Conversely, antiangiogenic factors inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing ECs activation. One of the best-known anti-angiogenic factors is thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). In pathological angiogenesis, the balance shifts towards the proangiogenic factors and an angiogenic switch that promotes tumor angiogenesis. Here, we review the current literature supporting the notion of the existence of two different endothelial lineages: normal endothelial cells (NECs), representing the physiological form of vascular endothelium, and tumor endothelial cells (TECs), which are strongly promoted by the tumor microenvironment and are biologically different from NECs. The angiogenic switch would be also important for the explanation of the differences between NECs and TECs, as angiogenic factors, cytokines and growth factors secreted into the tumor microenvironment may cause genetic instability. In this review, we focus on the epigenetic differences between the two endothelial lineages, which provide a possible window for pharmacological targeting of TECs.
肿瘤的生长需要不断地供应营养物质,这些物质是通过肿瘤血管提供的。为了转移,肿瘤需要进入循环的途径,而这个途径也是由肿瘤血管提供的。因此,血管生成对于肿瘤的进展和转移都是必要的。血管生成受到血管生成和抗血管生成因子的平衡的严格调节。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)家族的血管生成因子导致内皮细胞的激活、增殖和新生血管形成。在癌细胞中经常观察到 VEGF-A 的显著上调,这也是由于缺氧条件所致,并通过旁分泌信号激活内皮细胞(ECs),刺激细胞迁移和增殖,从而导致肿瘤依赖的血管生成。相反,抗血管生成因子通过抑制 ECs 的激活来抑制血管生成。最著名的抗血管生成因子之一是血小板反应蛋白-1(TSP-1)。在病理性血管生成中,平衡向促血管生成因子倾斜,从而促进肿瘤血管生成。在这里,我们回顾了支持存在两种不同内皮谱系的现有文献:正常内皮细胞(NECs),代表血管内皮的生理形式,以及肿瘤内皮细胞(TECs),它们受到肿瘤微环境的强烈促进,并且在生物学上与 NECs 不同。血管生成开关对于解释 NECs 和 TECs 之间的差异也很重要,因为血管生成因子、细胞因子和生长因子分泌到肿瘤微环境中可能导致遗传不稳定性。在这篇综述中,我们重点讨论了两种内皮谱系之间的表观遗传差异,这为针对 TECs 的药理学靶向提供了一个可能的窗口。
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