School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin , Dublin, Ireland.
Clin Exp Optom. 2021 Jan;104(1):48-55. doi: 10.1111/cxo.13072.
Early screening is essential to counsel schoolchildren with congenital colour vision deficiency (CVD) in determining their future career path and to advise teachers of the impact of CVD on classroom difficulties.
Congenital CVD is an X-linked genetic abnormality relatively commonplace in humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenital CVD in the Republic of Ireland schoolchildren and associated socio-demographic factors.
A total of 1,626 schoolchildren (882 boys and 744 girls), in two age groups (728 aged 6-7-years and 898 aged 12-13-years) were examined from randomly selected schools. Colour vision testing was carried out using the Richmond Hardy-Rand-Rittler pseudoisochromatic test for colour vision (fourth edition); diagnostic plates were used to determine CVD type and extent if participants failed to identify symbols on the screening plates.
CVD was detected in 73 boys (8.3 per cent, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.6-10.3) and in 13 girls (1.8 per cent, 95% CI 1.0-3.1, p < 0.001). As expected, deutan (boys 4.8 per cent, girls 0.8 per cent) was the most common type of CVD, followed by protan (boys 1.7 per cent, girls 0.1 per cent), unclassified red/green CVD (boys 1.2 per cent, girls 0.8 per cent) and then tritan (boys 0.5 per cent). One case of achromatopsia was detected based on failure on all diagnostic plates. Traveller participants (boys 21.0 per cent, girls 8.6 per cent) had a higher CVD prevalence than their White non-Traveller (boys 7.2 per cent, girls 1.0 per cent) and non-White (boys 5.4 per cent, girls 1.1 per cent) counterparts (odds ratio 3.00, 95% CI 1.1-8.1, p = 0.006). In boys, CVD was also associated with twin birth (odds ratio 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.7, p = 0.03) and low birthweight (p = 0.04).
This investigation of CVD in the Republic of Ireland schoolchildren should alert clinicians to the association between CVD and Traveller ethnicity, twin birth and lower birthweight. The prevalence of CVD found was similar to previous studies involving predominantly White populations and higher among Traveller participants; hence, counselling regarding inherited anomalies in the Traveller community is recommended. Early screening is essential to counsel schoolchildren with CVD in determining their future career path and to advise teachers of the impact of CVD on classroom difficulties.
早期筛查对于指导有色觉缺陷（CVD）的学童确定未来职业道路至关重要，并告知教师 CVD 对课堂困难的影响。
先天性 CVD 是一种相对常见的人类 X 连锁遗传异常。本研究旨在确定爱尔兰共和国学童中先天性 CVD 的流行率及其相关社会人口因素。
从随机选择的学校中检查了两组年龄为 6-7 岁（728 名）和 12-13 岁（898 名）的 1626 名学童（882 名男孩和 744 名女孩）。使用 Richmond Hardy-Rand-Rittler 假同色视觉测试（第四版）进行色觉测试；如果参与者无法识别筛查板上的符号，则使用诊断板确定 CVD 类型和程度。
在 73 名男孩（8.3%，95%置信区间[CI]6.6-10.3）和 13 名女孩（1.8%，95%CI 1.0-3.1，p<0.001）中发现了 CVD。如预期的那样，次全色盲（男孩 4.8%，女孩 0.8%）是最常见的 CVD 类型，其次是全色盲（男孩 1.7%，女孩 0.1%）、未分类的红/绿色 CVD（男孩 1.2%，女孩 0.8%）和蓝绿色盲（男孩 0.5%）。根据所有诊断板的失败，检测到一例全色盲。旅行者参与者（男孩 21.0%，女孩 8.6%）的 CVD 患病率高于他们的白人非旅行者（男孩 7.2%，女孩 1.0%）和非白人（男孩 5.4%，女孩 1.1%）（比值比 3.00，95%CI 1.1-8.1，p=0.006）。在男孩中，CVD 也与双胞胎出生（比值比 2.7，95%CI 1.1-6.7，p=0.03）和低出生体重（p=0.04）有关。
本研究对爱尔兰共和国学童 CVD 的调查应提醒临床医生注意 CVD 与旅行者种族、双胞胎出生和低出生体重之间的关系。发现的 CVD 患病率与涉及主要为白人的人群的先前研究相似，在旅行者参与者中更高；因此，建议在旅行者社区中进行有关遗传异常的咨询。早期筛查对于指导有色觉缺陷的学童确定未来职业道路至关重要，并告知教师 CVD 对课堂困难的影响。
