KBR, Houston, Texas.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California.
J Neurophysiol. 2020 May 1;123(5):2037-2063. doi: 10.1152/jn.00476.2019. Epub 2020 Apr 15.
Space travel presents a number of environmental challenges to the central nervous system, including changes in gravitational acceleration that alter the terrestrial synergies between perception and action, galactic cosmic radiation that can damage sensitive neurons and structures, and multiple factors (isolation, confinement, altered atmosphere, and mission parameters, including distance from Earth) that can affect cognition and behavior. Travelers to Mars will be exposed to these environmental challenges for up to 3 years, and space-faring nations continue to direct vigorous research investments to help elucidate and mitigate the consequences of these long-duration exposures. This article reviews the findings of more than 50 years of space-related neuroscience research on humans and animals exposed to spaceflight or analogs of spaceflight environments, and projects the implications and the forward work necessary to ensure successful Mars missions. It also reviews fundamental neurophysiology responses that will help us understand and maintain human health and performance on Earth.
太空旅行对中枢神经系统带来了许多环境挑战，包括改变感知与行动之间的陆地协同作用的重力加速度变化、能损害敏感神经元和结构的银河宇宙辐射，以及可能影响认知和行为的多种因素（隔离、禁闭、改变的大气和任务参数，包括与地球的距离）。火星旅行者将暴露在这些环境挑战中长达 3 年，航天国家继续大力投资研究，以帮助阐明和减轻这些长期暴露的后果。本文综述了 50 多年来人类和动物在太空飞行或模拟太空飞行环境下的神经科学研究结果，并预测了确保火星任务成功所需的意义和未来工作。本文还综述了基本神经生理学反应，这将有助于我们了解和维持地球上人类的健康和表现。
