Natural history of the social millipede Wood, 1864.

The millipede Wood, 1864 is a fungivorous social millipede known for paternal care of eggs and forming multi-generational aggregations. We investigated the life history, paternal care, chemical defence, feeding and social behaviour of and provided morphological and anatomical descriptions, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on observations of from 13 locations throughout its distribution, we report the following natural history aspects. The oviposition period of lasted from mid-April to late June and the incubation period lasted 3-4 weeks. Only males cared for the eggs and subsequent care of juveniles was not observed. In one case, the clutches of two males became combined and they were later cared for by only one of the males. The defensive compound of is stored in large glands occupying a third of the paranotal volume and were observed only in stadia II millipedes and older. We observed feeding on fungi of the order Polyporales and describe a cuticular structure on the tip of the labrum that may relate to fungivory. We found that their stellate-shaped aggregations (pinwheels) do not form in the absence of fungus and suggest the aggregation is associated with feeding. We describe and illustrate a previously undescribed comb-like structure on the tibia and tarsi of the six anterior-most leg-pairs and measure the colour and spectral reflectance of the exoskeleton.