Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceské Budejovice, Czechia.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Mar 31;11:153. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00153. eCollection 2020.
Nineteen species of various families of the order Diptera and one species from the order Mecoptera are investigated with mass spectrometry for the presence and primary structure of putative adipokinetic hormones (AKHs). Additionally, the peptide structure of putative AKHs in other Diptera are deduced from data mining of publicly available genomic or transcriptomic data. The study aims to demonstrate the structural biodiversity of AKHs in this insect order and also possible evolutionary trends. Sequence analysis of AKHs is achieved by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The corpora cardiaca of almost all dipteran species contain AKH octapeptides, a decapeptide is an exception found only in one species. In general, the dipteran AKHs are order-specific- they are not found in any other insect order with two exceptions only. Four novel AKHs are revealed by mass spectrometry: two in the basal infraorder of Tipulomorpha and two in the brachyceran family Syrphidae. Data mining revealed another four novel AKHs: one in various species of the infraorder Culicumorpha, one in the brachyceran superfamily Asiloidea, one in the family Diopsidae and in a Drosophilidae species, and the last of the novel AKHs is found in yet another . In general, there is quite a biodiversity in the lower Diptera, whereas the majority of the cyclorraphan Brachycera produce the octapeptide Phote-HrTH. A hypothetical molecular peptide evolution of dipteran AKHs is suggested to start with an ancestral AKH, such as Glomo-AKH, from which all other AKHs in Diptera to date can evolve via point mutation of one of the base triplets, with one exception.
研究了 19 种不同科的双翅目昆虫和 1 种长翅目昆虫，用质谱法检测潜在的促脂激素（AKH）的存在和一级结构。此外，还通过挖掘公共可用的基因组或转录组数据，推导出其他双翅目昆虫中潜在 AKH 的肽结构。本研究旨在展示该昆虫目中 AKH 的结构多样性，并探讨可能的进化趋势。通过液相色谱-质谱联用技术对 AKH 进行序列分析。几乎所有双翅目物种的心侧体都含有 AKH 八肽，只有一种例外，是一种十肽。一般来说，双翅目 AKH 是特定于该目的——它们不存在于任何其他昆虫目中，仅有两个例外。通过质谱法揭示了四种新的 AKH：两种在缨尾目昆虫的基础亚目中，两种在双翅目科的花蝇科中。数据挖掘揭示了另外四种新的 AKH：一种在 Culicumorpha 亚目中的各种物种中，一种在 Brachyceran 超科 Asiloidea 中，一种在 Diopsidae 科中，一种在果蝇科物种中，最后一种新的 AKH 在另一个 中发现。一般来说，在较低的双翅目昆虫中存在着相当大的生物多样性，而大多数环裂目 Brachycera 产生的是八肽 Phote-HrTH。推测双翅目 AKH 的分子肽进化是从一个祖先 AKH 开始的，例如 Glomo-AKH，到目前为止，所有其他双翅目昆虫的 AKH 都可以通过一个三联体碱基的点突变进化而来，只有一个例外。
