Symbiotic yeasts from the mycangium, larval gut and woody substrate of an African stag beetle Xiphodontus antilope (Coleoptera: Lucanidae).

Female stag beetles (Lucanidae) possess internal mycangia to maintain microbial cultures. Yeasts from these mycangia may help with larval nutrition in nutrient poor woody substrates, but only a few Lucanidae taxa have been studied and all reports originate from Europe and Asia. We identify the first mycangial yeasts of a South African endemic Lucanidae beetle, Xiphodontus antilope, using nuclear ribosomal RNA and ITS DNA sequence data. In addition we identified yeasts from the larval gut, fecal matter, frass and woody substrate surrounding larvae and pupae. The mycangium of X. antilope was confined to females and is structurally similar to all other Lucanidae. Unlike most Lucanidae that seemingly associate with single species of yeast, or whose mycangia contain yeast monocultures, three yeast species were commonly isolated from X. antilope. Scheffersomyces coipomoensis was the most numerically dominant species on most substrates and in most individuals, but a second, undescribed, Scheffersomyces species was present in high numbers. A third species, also undescribed and unrelated to Scheffersomyces, was recovered from all mycangia but could not be detected in the larval gut, fecal matter, frass or woody substrates. We confirm a close association of Scheffersomyces yeasts with Lucanidae globally, but other taxa may also be involved. We show that the predominant mycangial yeasts also form the predominant yeasts within the larval gut and the woody substrates around the larvae and pupae. This combined external and internal colonization by the same yeasts may provide enhanced opportunities for nutrient acquisition, but this needs validation in future studies.