Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(19):2257-2279. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200422092620.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), with impairment of learning and memory as the common clinical manifestations, is one of the most challenging diseases affecting individuals, their families and society as a whole. The fact that its prevalence is escalating rapidly, with the total number of AD patients estimated to reach 115.4 million by 2050, has made the disease a very challenging ailment worldwide. Several biological barriers like the bloodbrain barrier (BBB), drug efflux by P-glycoprotein and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier restrict the delivery of conventional AD drugs to the central nervous system (CNS), thereby limiting their effectiveness. In order to overcome the above physiological barriers, the development of nanomedicines has been extensively explored. The present review provides an insight into the pathophysiology of AD and risk factors associated with AD. Besides, various nanoformulations reported in the literature for the diagnosis and treatments of AD have been classified and summarised. The patented nanoformulations for AD and details of nanoformulations which are in clinical trials are also mentioned. The review would be helpful to researchers and scientific community by providing them with information related to the recent advances in nanointerventions for the diagnosis and treatment of AD, which they can further explore for better management of the disease. However, although the nanotherapeutics for managing AD have been extensively explored, the factors which hinder their commercialisation, the toxicity concern being one of them, need to be addressed so that effective nanotherapeutics for AD can be developed for clinical use.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）以学习和记忆损伤为常见临床表现，是影响个人、家庭和整个社会的最具挑战性的疾病之一。其患病率迅速上升，预计到 2050 年 AD 患者总数将达到 11540 万，这使得该疾病成为全球范围内极具挑战性的疾病。几种生物屏障，如血脑屏障（BBB）、P-糖蛋白的药物外排和血脑脊液屏障，限制了传统 AD 药物向中枢神经系统（CNS）的递送，从而限制了其疗效。为了克服上述生理屏障，已经广泛探索了纳米医学的发展。本综述深入探讨了 AD 的病理生理学和与 AD 相关的风险因素。此外，还对文献中报道的用于 AD 诊断和治疗的各种纳米制剂进行了分类和总结。还提到了用于 AD 的专利纳米制剂和正在临床试验中的纳米制剂的详细信息。通过提供与用于 AD 的纳米干预的最新进展相关的信息，该综述将有助于研究人员和科学界进一步探索，以更好地管理这种疾病。然而，尽管用于管理 AD 的纳米疗法已经得到了广泛的探索，但仍需要解决阻碍其商业化的因素，其中毒性问题是一个重要因素，以便开发出用于临床应用的有效的 AD 纳米疗法。
