National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA.
Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering, State University of New York (SUNY) Polytechnic Institute, USA.
Ind Health. 2020 Oct 8;58(5):467-478. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2019-0169. Epub 2020 Apr 22.
From 2011-2015, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Nanotechnology Field Studies Team conducted 11 evaluations at worksites that either produced engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) via a wet process or used ENMs in a wetted, suspended, or slurry form. Wet handling or processing of ENMs reduces potential exposure compared to dry handling or processing; however, air sampling data indicated exposures may still occur. Information was gathered about each company, production processes, ENMs of interest, and control measures. Exposure assessments included air sampling using filter media, surface wipe sampling, and real-time particle counting by direct-reading instruments. Electron microscopy analysis of air filters confirmed the presence of ENMs of interest (10 of 11 sites). When a method was available, chemical analysis of filters was also used to detect the presence of ENMs (nine of 11 sites). Wipe samples were collected at four of the 11 sites, and, in each case, confirmed the presence of ENMs on surfaces. Direct-reading data showed potential nanomaterial emissions (nine of 11 sites). Engineering controls included fume hoods, cleanrooms, and enclosed processes. Personal protective equipment was required during all 11 evaluations. Recommendations to address potential exposures were provided to each company following the hierarchy of controls.
从 2011 年至 2015 年，美国职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）纳米技术现场研究团队在 11 个工作场所进行了评估，这些工作场所要么通过湿法工艺生产工程纳米材料（ENMs），要么以湿态、悬浮态或浆态形式使用 ENMs。与干法处理或加工相比，湿法处理或加工可降低潜在暴露的可能性；然而，空气采样数据表明仍可能发生暴露。收集了有关每家公司、生产工艺、感兴趣的 ENMs 和控制措施的信息。暴露评估包括使用过滤介质进行空气采样、表面擦拭采样以及使用直接读数仪器进行实时粒子计数。空气过滤器的电子显微镜分析证实了存在感兴趣的 ENMs（11 个地点中的 10 个）。当有方法可用时，还使用过滤器的化学分析来检测 ENMs 的存在（11 个地点中的 9 个）。在 11 个地点中的 4 个地点收集了擦拭样本，在每种情况下都证实了表面存在 ENMs。直接读数数据显示存在潜在的纳米材料排放（11 个地点中的 9 个）。工程控制措施包括通风柜、洁净室和封闭工艺。在所有 11 次评估中，均要求佩戴个人防护设备。根据控制措施的层次，向每家公司提供了解决潜在暴露问题的建议。
