Spatial distribution and risk area assessment of using geostatistical approaches in Giridih district of Jharkhand, India.

Distributed widely across the rice growing regions of India, the rice leaf and bud nematode ( Christie 1942) can cause substantial yield loss in rice. Whitening of leaf tips is the characteristics damage symptom of this nematode and therefore it is popularly referred to as the rice white tip nematode (RWTN). While information on the damage severity of RWTN is available from others parts of the country, to date, no information is available from the state of Jharkhand. In order to generate a detailed information on spatial distribution of this nematode and to identify infestation hotspots, extensive field sampling was conducted across the Giridih district of Jharkhand. In total, 163 samples with each sample consisting of 30 randomly chosen panicles from three nearby rice fields were collected across the district. Moran's I spatial autocorrelation test confirmed the presence of significant spatial clustering among the sampling locations. Optimized hotspot analysis found the presence of one significant hotspot in Dumri block and cold spots in adjoining areas of Gawan, Tisri, and Dhanwar blocks. Spatial interpolation techniques like inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) were employed to predict the population density at unsampled locations. Both IDW and OK resulted into generation of similar kind of maps where population density was found to be higher in Dumri, Giridih, Bengabad and some other pockets of the district. Finally, indicator kriging approach was employed which resulted into identifying both risk and nematode free areas. In risk areas, where the probability of the population density exceeding the economic threshold limit is high, immediate quarantine measures should be taken to prevent further dissemination of contaminated seeds. Our study provided a scientifically based decision method to devise preventive and curative protection measures against , a neglected pest of quarantine significance of rice in India. Distributed widely across the rice growing regions of India, the rice leaf and bud nematode ( Christie 1942) can cause substantial yield loss in rice. Whitening of leaf tips is the characteristics damage symptom of this nematode and therefore it is popularly referred to as the rice white tip nematode (RWTN). While information on the damage severity of RWTN is available from others parts of the country, to date, no information is available from the state of Jharkhand. In order to generate a detailed information on spatial distribution of this nematode and to identify infestation hotspots, extensive field sampling was conducted across the Giridih district of Jharkhand. In total, 163 samples with each sample consisting of 30 randomly chosen panicles from three nearby rice fields were collected across the district. Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation test confirmed the presence of significant spatial clustering among the sampling locations. Optimized hotspot analysis found the presence of one significant hotspot in Dumri block and cold spots in adjoining areas of Gawan, Tisri, and Dhanwar blocks. Spatial interpolation techniques like inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) were employed to predict the population density at unsampled locations. Both IDW and OK resulted into generation of similar kind of maps where population density was found to be higher in Dumri, Giridih, Bengabad and some other pockets of the district. Finally, indicator kriging approach was employed which resulted into identifying both risk and nematode free areas. In risk areas, where the probability of the population density exceeding the economic threshold limit is high, immediate quarantine measures should be taken to prevent further dissemination of contaminated seeds. Our study provided a scientifically based decision method to devise preventive and curative protection measures against , a neglected pest of quarantine significance of rice in India.