Donor-Transmitted Melanoma: Is It Still Bothering Us?

Global organ scarcity remains a severe obstacle because of the rapid growth in the number of patients on the transplant waiting list. Transplant centres strive to raise the number of donors by proposing more mild criteria for donor selection, among them donors with a history of malignancy and older age. Recipients are at hazard of acquiring tumour that existed in the donor at the time of transplantation with the most common cancers been renal cell carcinoma (57%), melanoma (10%), and choriocarcinoma (9%). Tumour origin can be established by PCR-based DNA analysis for microsatellite markers, HLA typing, immunohistochemistry, or fluorescent in situ hybridisation. The general recommendation for treatment of donor-related melanoma is a cessation of immunosuppression therapy to allow rejection of the allograft and its immediate removal. In non-renal transplant patients with life-sustaining organs or if allograft removal is denied, reduction of immunosuppression, chemoradiation therapy, and urgent retransplantation are the only potential strategies. Checkpoint inhibitors were reported to be effective in several cases of donor-transmitted melanoma and now emerge as an innovative option to standard chemotherapy and the potential for cure.