Endocrinology, Montichiari Hospital, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Montichiari, Italy.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
Protein Pept Lett. 2020;27(12):1253-1259. doi: 10.2174/1871530320666200425204634.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. Biomarkers of bone turnover have been used for years in bone disease management, especially to determine response to treatment. They are substances found in biological fluids, produced during the bone remodelling process. Recently, new approaches for the detection of bone physiology and pathology biomarkers have been proposed, among which proteomics, with particular interest in osteoporosis. The objective of this manuscript is to review current knowledge on proteomics applied to osteoporosis in vivo. The analysis of the 14 studies published to date showed a range of proteins whose expression is altered in patients with osteoporosis. The relatively small number of papers depends mainly on high costs and technical limitations; due to the difficulty to collect osteoclasts, most of the studies performed proteomics on peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs), already accepted as an excellent osteoporosis cell model in vivo. Among the identified proteins, the most promising are represented by Gelsolin (GSN), Annexin A2 (ANXA2), and Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB). They have been related to bone mineral density (BMD), sometimes in apparent disagreement (some upregulated and others downregulated in patients with low BMD). Finally, worthy of mention is the application of proteomics in the emerging field of microvesicles (MVs); they are important messengers, widely present in body fluids, and have recently emerged as novel targets for the diagnosis of multiple diseases, among which musculoskeletal diseases. In conclusion, the proteomic field is relatively novel in osteoporosis and has a considerable but theoretical potential; further investigations are needed in order to make proteome-derived markers applicable to clinical practice.
骨质疏松症是一种以骨量低和骨组织微观结构恶化为特征的全身性骨骼疾病。骨转换生物标志物已被用于骨疾病管理多年，尤其是用于确定对治疗的反应。它们是在骨重塑过程中产生的生物体液中的物质。最近，已经提出了用于检测骨生理学和病理学生物标志物的新方法，其中蛋白质组学在骨质疏松症中特别受到关注。本文的目的是综述目前应用于骨质疏松症体内的蛋白质组学知识。对迄今为止发表的 14 项研究的分析显示，有一系列蛋白质的表达在骨质疏松症患者中发生了改变。相对较少的论文主要取决于高成本和技术限制；由于难以收集破骨细胞，大多数研究都在外周血单核细胞（PBMs）上进行蛋白质组学研究，PBMs 已被接受为体内骨质疏松症的优秀细胞模型。在鉴定出的蛋白质中，最有前途的是明胶酶（GSN）、膜联蛋白 A2（ANXA2）和脯氨酰 4-羟化酶（P4HB）。它们与骨矿物质密度（BMD）有关，有时在低 BMD 患者中表现出不一致（有些上调，有些下调）。最后，值得一提的是蛋白质组学在新兴的微泡（MV）领域的应用；它们是重要的信使，广泛存在于体液中，最近已成为多种疾病（包括肌肉骨骼疾病）诊断的新靶点。总之，蛋白质组学在骨质疏松症中相对较新，具有相当大但理论上的潜力；需要进一步研究才能使蛋白质组衍生的标志物适用于临床实践。
