Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Västervik Sjukhus, Department of Psychiatry, Västervik, Sweden.
Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2020 Oct;32(5):237-246. doi: 10.1017/neu.2020.17. Epub 2020 Apr 27.
We evaluated processing-speed and shift-cost measures in adults with depression or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and monitored the effects of treatment. We hypothesised that cognitive-speed and shift-cost measures might differentiate diagnostic groups.
Colour, form, and colour-form stimuli were used to measure naming times. The shift costs were calculated as colour-form-naming time minus the sum of colour- and form-naming times. Measurements were done at baseline and end point for 42 adults with depression and 42 with ADHD without depression. Patients with depression were treated with transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields and patients with ADHD with methylphenidate immediate release.
During depression treatment, reductions in naming times were recorded weekly. One-way analysis of variance indicated statistical between-group differences, with effect sizes in the medium range for form and colour-form. In both groups, naming times were longer before than after treatment. For the ADHD group, shift costs exceeded the average-normal range at baseline but were in the average-normal range after stabilisation with stimulant medication. For the depression group, shift costs were in the average-normal range at baseline and after treatment. Baseline colour-form-naming times predicted reductions in naming times for both groups, with the largest effect size and index of forecasting efficiency for the ADHD group.
The cognitive-processing-speed (colour-form) and shift-cost measures before treatment proved most sensitive in differentiating patients with depression and ADHD. Reductions in naming times for the depression group were suggested to reflect improved psychomotor skills rather than improved cognitive control.
我们评估了抑郁症或注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者的处理速度和转换成本指标，并监测了治疗效果。我们假设认知速度和转换成本指标可能会区分不同的诊断组。
使用颜色、形状和颜色-形状刺激来测量命名时间。转换成本的计算方法是颜色-形状命名时间减去颜色和形状命名时间的总和。对 42 名抑郁症患者和 42 名无抑郁症的 ADHD 患者进行了基线和终点的测量。抑郁症患者接受经颅脉冲电磁场治疗，ADHD 患者接受哌醋甲酯即刻释放治疗。
在抑郁症治疗期间，每周记录命名时间的减少。单因素方差分析表明存在组间统计学差异，形状和颜色-形状的效应大小处于中等范围。在两组中，治疗前的命名时间都比治疗后长。对于 ADHD 组，转换成本在基线时超过了平均正常范围，但在用兴奋剂药物稳定后处于平均正常范围内。对于抑郁症组，转换成本在基线和治疗后都处于平均正常范围内。基线颜色-形状命名时间预测了两组命名时间的减少，ADHD 组的效应量和预测效率指数最大。
治疗前的认知处理速度（颜色-形状）和转换成本指标在区分抑郁症和 ADHD 患者方面最为敏感。抑郁症组命名时间的减少表明心理运动技能的改善，而不是认知控制的改善。
