Kivelä S L, Pahkala K
Department of Public Health, University of Oulu, Finland.
Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1988 Winter;34(4):274-84. doi: 10.1177/002076408803400405.
The study describes symptoms and signs of depression in elderly (60 years or over) Finns. Lists of symptoms and signs assessed by the examining physicians in a population study were used in rating, and the symptoms and signs of persons diagnosed as depressed were compared to those of persons who were not depressed. The commonest symptoms both in men and women were sleep disturbances, fatiguability, loss of interest, depressed mood, loss of activity, pains, pessimism and sense of uselessness. In addition, worry was a common symptom in women. Hallucinations and other delusions than those about unforgivable behaviour were very uncommon. Loss of libido did not strongly indicate occurrence of depression, and in persons aged 70 years or over it could not be included in symptoms of depression. Sex differences in the commonest symptoms of depression were evident: worry, crying spells, helplessness, loneliness, suicidal ideas and pains were more common in depressed women than in depressed men. Some age differences in symptoms were also found both in men and in women. Sad expression was a common sign of depression in both sexes. In addition, slow movements, scarcity of gestures and slow speech were quite common signs in depressed men and stooping posture was quite common in depressed women.
该研究描述了芬兰老年人（60岁及以上）抑郁症的症状和体征。在一项人群研究中，检查医生评估的症状和体征清单被用于评分，并将被诊断为抑郁症患者的症状和体征与非抑郁症患者的进行比较。男性和女性最常见的症状都是睡眠障碍、易疲劳、兴趣丧失、情绪低落、活动减少、疼痛、悲观和无用感。此外，担忧是女性常见的症状。幻觉以及除了关于不可原谅行为之外的其他妄想非常少见。性欲减退并不能有力地表明抑郁症的发生，在70岁及以上的人群中，它不能被纳入抑郁症的症状之中。抑郁症最常见症状的性别差异很明显：担忧、哭泣发作、无助感、孤独感、自杀念头和疼痛在抑郁症女性中比在抑郁症男性中更常见。在男性和女性中也发现了一些症状的年龄差异。悲伤的表情是男女抑郁症的常见体征。此外，动作迟缓、手势缺乏和语速缓慢是抑郁症男性中相当常见的体征，而弯腰姿势在抑郁症女性中相当常见。
