Tracheobronchomalacia, Tracheobronchial Compression, and Tracheobronchial Malformations: Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies.

Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is an excessive dynamic narrowing of the airway that is greatest with increased mediastinal pressure such as coughing, Valsalva, and forced expiration. Airway compression and/or cartilage malformation is a fixed or static narrowing of the airway typically caused by great vessel malposition and/or abnormalities and may also contribute to airway narrowing. Although imprecise and misleading, the term TBM is often used to represent both problems, static and dynamic airway narrowing, which only serves to confuse and may mislead the treatment team into ineffective therapies. The consequences of airway narrowing caused by dynamic TBM and/or static compression includes a range of clinical signs and symptoms, depending on the location, extent, and severity of the airway collapse. All patients with mild to severe TBM benefit from medical management to optimize airway clearance of mucus. The milder cases of TBM may become asymptomatic with this therapy, allowing time for the child to grow and the airway to enlarge without the consequences of recurrent infections. In cases of more severe TBM with clinical sequelae, more aggressive management may be warranted. Multiple options for surgical intervention are available. This article discusses the details of clinical presentation, evaluation, diagnosis, and a variety of treatments.