Acute Renal Failure/Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Associated with Endovascular Procedures.

AKI is one of the most common underdiagnosed postoperative complications that can occur after any type of surgery. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is still poorly defined and due a wide range of confounding individual variables, its risk is difficult to determine. CIN mainly affects patients with underlying chronic kidney disease, diabetes, sepsis, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome and cardiogenic shock. Further research is necessary to better understand pathophysiology of contrast-induced AKI and consequent implementation of effective prevention and therapeutic strategies. Although many therapies have been tested to avoid CIN, the only potent preventative strategy involves aggressive fluid administration and reduction of contrast volume. Regardless of surgical technique-open or endovascular-perioperative AKI is associated with significant morbidity, mortality and cost. Endovascular procedures always require administration of a contrast media, which may cause acute tubular necrosis or renal vascular embolization leading to renal ischemia and as a consequence, contribute to increased number of post-operative AKIs.