Traunmüller H
Institutionen för Lingvistik, Stockholms Universitet, Sweden.
Phonetica. 1988;45(1):1-29. doi: 10.1159/000261809.
It is shown that within-speaker variations in vocal effort and phonation affect fundamental frequency (F0) and the formant frequencies of vowels in the sense of a linear compression/expansion of the spectral separations between them, given an adequate scaling of pitch. Between-speaker variations in size correspond to a translation of the spectral peaks shaped by F0 and the formants if pitch is scaled tonotopically (in Bark). On the basis of these observations, invariant cues to vowel quality are suggested. It is further shown that vowels produced by adult women tend to be phonetically more explicit and, hence, more peripheral in 'vowel space' than those of men and children. It is also shown that the formant frequencies of vowels subjected to paralinguistic variation are related by power functions of frequency.
结果表明，在有足够的音高缩放的情况下，说话者内部在发声努力和发声方面的变化会以线性压缩/扩展它们之间的频谱间隔的方式影响基频（F0）和元音的共振峰频率。如果音高按音调拓扑方式（以巴克为单位）进行缩放，说话者之间的体型差异对应于由F0和共振峰塑造的频谱峰值的平移。基于这些观察结果，提出了元音质量的不变线索。进一步表明，成年女性发出的元音在语音上往往更清晰，因此在“元音空间”中比男性和儿童的元音更靠外围。还表明，受到副语言变化影响的元音的共振峰频率通过频率的幂函数相关联。
