Recent trends in nanopore polymer functionalization.

Functional nanopores play an essential role in many biotechnological applications such as sensing, or drug delivery. Prominent examples are polymer functionalized ceramic or solid state nanopores. Intensive research efforts led to a discovery of a plethora of polymer functionalized nanopores demonstrating gated molecular transport upon basically all common stimuli. Nevertheless, nature's biological pore transport precision is unreached. This can be, among others, ascribed to limits in design precision especially with respect to functionalization. Recent trends in polymer functionalized nanopores address the role of confinement and polymerization control, strategies toward more sustainable reaction conditions, such as visible light initiation and strategies toward nanoscale local placement of polymer functionalization. The resulting multi-stimuli responsive nanopore performance enables concerted release or transport, side selective separation and selective detection.