Attention capture by episodic long-term memory.

Everyday behavior depends upon the operation of concurrent cognitive processes. In visual search, studies that examine memory-attention interactions have indicated that long-term memory facilitates search for a target (e.g., contextual cueing), but the potential for memories to capture attention and decrease search efficiency has not been investigated. To address this gap in the literature, five experiments were conducted to examine whether task-irrelevant encoded objects might capture attention. In each experiment, participants encoded scene-object pairs. Then, in a visual search task, 6-object search displays were presented and participants were told to make a single saccade to targets defined by shape (e.g., diamond among differently colored circles; Experiments 1, 4, and 5) or by color (e.g., blue shape among differently shaped gray objects; Experiments 2 and 3). Sometimes, one of the distractors was from the encoded set, and occasionally the scene that had been paired with that object was presented prior to the search display. Results indicated that eye movements were made, in error, more often to encoded distractors than to baseline distractors, and that this effect was greatest when the corresponding scene was presented prior to search. When capture did occur, participants looked longer at encoded distractors if scenes had been presented, an effect that we attribute to the representational match between a retrieved associate and the identity of the encoded distractor in the search display. In addition, the presence of a scene resulted in slower saccade deployment when participants made first saccades to targets, as instructed. Experiments 4 and 5 suggest that this slowdown may be due to the relatively rare and therefore, surprising, appearance of visual stimulus information prior to search. Collectively, results suggest that information encoded into episodic memory can capture attention, which is consistent with the recent proposal that selection history can guide attentional selection.