直观呈现无形之物:实地考察激发儿童对微生物的热情。

Visualizing the invisible: class excursions to ignite children's enthusiasm for microbes.

机构信息

School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.

Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.

出版信息

Microb Biotechnol. 2020 Jul;13(4):844-887. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13576. Epub 2020 May 14.

Abstract

We have recently argued that, because microbes have pervasive - often vital - influences on our lives, and that therefore their roles must be taken into account in many of the decisions we face, society must become microbiology-literate, through the introduction of relevant microbiology topics in school curricula (Timmis et al. 2019. Environ Microbiol 21: 1513-1528). The current coronavirus pandemic is a stark example of why microbiology literacy is such a crucial enabler of informed policy decisions, particularly those involving preparedness of public-health systems for disease outbreaks and pandemics. However, a significant barrier to attaining widespread appreciation of microbial contributions to our well-being and that of the planet is the fact that microbes are seldom visible: most people are only peripherally aware of them, except when they fall ill with an infection. And it is disease, rather than all of the positive activities mediated by microbes, that colours public perception of 'germs' and endows them with their poor image. It is imperative to render microbes visible, to give them life and form for children (and adults), and to counter prevalent misconceptions, through exposure to imagination-capturing images of microbes and examples of their beneficial outputs, accompanied by a balanced narrative. This will engender automatic mental associations between everyday information inputs, as well as visual, olfactory and tactile experiences, on the one hand, and the responsible microbes/microbial communities, on the other hand. Such associations, in turn, will promote awareness of microbes and of the many positive and vital consequences of their actions, and facilitate and encourage incorporation of such consequences into relevant decision-making processes. While teaching microbiology topics in primary and secondary school is key to this objective, a strategic programme to expose children directly and personally to natural and managed microbial processes, and the results of their actions, through carefully planned class excursions to local venues, can be instrumental in bringing microbes to life for children and, collaterally, their families. In order to encourage the embedding of microbiology-centric class excursions in current curricula, we suggest and illustrate here some possibilities relating to the topics of food (a favourite pre-occupation of most children), agriculture (together with horticulture and aquaculture), health and medicine, the environment and biotechnology. And, although not all of the microbially relevant infrastructure will be within reach of schools, there is usually access to a market, local food store, wastewater treatment plant, farm, surface water body, etc., all of which can provide opportunities to explore microbiology in action. If children sometimes consider the present to be mundane, even boring, they are usually excited with both the past and the future so, where possible, visits to local museums (the past) and research institutions advancing knowledge frontiers (the future) are strongly recommended, as is a tapping into the natural enthusiasm of local researchers to leverage the educational value of excursions and virtual excursions. Children are also fascinated by the unknown, so, paradoxically, the invisibility of microbes makes them especially fascinating objects for visualization and exploration. In outlining some of the options for microbiology excursions, providing suggestions for discussion topics and considering their educational value, we strive to extend the vistas of current class excursions and to: (i) inspire teachers and school managers to incorporate more microbiology excursions into curricula; (ii) encourage microbiologists to support school excursions and generally get involved in bringing microbes to life for children; (iii) urge leaders of organizations (biopharma, food industries, universities, etc.) to give school outreach activities a more prominent place in their mission portfolios, and (iv) convey to policymakers the benefits of providing schools with funds, materials and flexibility for educational endeavours beyond the classroom.

摘要

我们最近认为,由于微生物对我们的生活有着普遍的、往往是至关重要的影响,因此在我们面临的许多决策中,必须考虑到它们的作用,社会必须通过在学校课程中引入相关的微生物学主题,使自己具备微生物学素养(Timmis 等人,2019 年,环境微生物学 21:1513-1528)。当前的冠状病毒大流行就是一个鲜明的例子,说明了为什么微生物学素养是做出明智政策决策的一个至关重要的推动因素,特别是在涉及公共卫生系统为疾病爆发和大流行做好准备的决策时。然而,微生物对我们的健康和地球的健康的贡献很难被广泛认识,这是一个巨大的障碍,而微生物很少被看到:除了因感染而生病时,大多数人只是对它们有一定的了解。正是疾病,而不是微生物所介导的所有积极活动,使公众对“细菌”产生了负面看法,并赋予了它们不佳的形象。必须让微生物变得可见,为孩子们(和成年人)赋予它们生命和形态,并通过展示引人入胜的微生物图像和它们有益产出的例子,同时配以平衡的叙述,来对抗普遍存在的误解。这将在日常生活信息输入、视觉、嗅觉和触觉体验与负责的微生物/微生物群落之间建立自动的心理联系。这种联系反过来又将促进人们对微生物及其行动的许多积极和重要后果的认识,并促进和鼓励将这些后果纳入相关的决策过程。虽然在小学和中学教授微生物学主题是实现这一目标的关键,但通过精心策划的班级实地考察,让孩子们直接和亲身接触自然和管理的微生物过程及其结果,也可以在为孩子们带来微生物的活力方面发挥重要作用,同时也可以为他们的家庭带来影响。为了鼓励将以微生物为中心的班级实地考察纳入当前课程,我们在这里提出并说明了一些与食品(大多数孩子最喜欢的话题)、农业(包括园艺和水产养殖)、健康和医学、环境和生物技术相关的主题的可能性。而且,虽然并非所有与微生物相关的基础设施都在学校的可达范围内,但通常都可以接触到市场、当地食品店、污水处理厂、农场、地表水等,所有这些都可以为探索微生物的实际行动提供机会。如果孩子们有时认为现在是平凡的,甚至是无聊的,那么他们通常会对过去和未来感到兴奋,因此,只要有可能,强烈建议参观当地的博物馆(过去)和推进知识前沿的研究机构(未来),并利用当地研究人员的自然热情来利用实地考察和虚拟考察的教育价值。孩子们也对未知感到好奇,因此,微生物的不可见性使它们成为可视化和探索的特别有趣的对象。在概述一些微生物学实地考察的选择时,我们提供了讨论主题的建议,并考虑了它们的教育价值,我们努力扩展当前班级实地考察的视野,并:(i)激励教师和学校管理人员将更多的微生物学实地考察纳入课程;(ii)鼓励微生物学家支持学校实地考察,并普遍参与为孩子们带来微生物的活力;(iii)敦促生物制药、食品行业、大学等组织的领导人在其使命组合中更加突出地开展学校外联活动;(iv)向决策者传达为课堂以外的教育努力提供学校资金、材料和灵活性的好处。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/613a/7264897/91fa7a7bcd8c/MBT2-13-844-g001.jpg

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