AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
Chemosphere. 2020 Sep;255:126981. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126981. Epub 2020 May 5.
The occurrence of emerging contaminants, such as: personal care products, medicines, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and their transformation products in the environment is of concern for human health and aquatic ecosystems due to their high persistence, toxicity and potential to bioaccumulation. Among pesticides, the main attention and thus our focus is on neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam, which are widely used classes of insecticides in agriculture. Determining the associated risk to humans and ecosystems from neonicotinoid insecticides requires detailed understanding of their fate and transport in the environment which is complex and includes diverse pathways and processes depending on environmental compartments in which they occur. This paper critically reviews the current state of the art about processes, parameters and phenomena influencing the fate of neonicotinoid insecticides in soil-water systems (i.e. soil and groundwater), and reveals existing knowledge gaps. Sorption, biodegradation, chemical transformations of neonicotinoid insecticides in the soil and leaching to the groundwater, as well as groundwater/surface water interactions are highlighted, as they determine their further migration from sources, through soils to groundwater systems and then to other environmental compartments posing ecological and human risks. A number of key knowledge gaps in fate of neonicotinoid insecticides in soil-water systems are identified, that concern mostly processes and pathways occurring in the groundwater, and require further research to assess the associated risk to humans and ecosystems.
新兴污染物（如个人护理产品、药品、药物、农药及其转化产物）在环境中的出现引起了人们对人类健康和水生生态系统的关注，因为它们具有高持久性、毒性和生物蓄积潜力。在农药中，主要关注的是新烟碱类杀虫剂：乙虫腈、噻虫啉、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和噻虫砜，它们是农业中广泛使用的一类杀虫剂。要确定新烟碱类杀虫剂对人类和生态系统的相关风险，需要详细了解它们在环境中的归宿和迁移情况，这是一个复杂的过程，包括根据其所处的环境组分而发生的多种途径和过程。本文批判性地回顾了新烟碱类杀虫剂在土壤-水系统（即土壤和地下水）中归宿的现状，包括影响其命运的过程、参数和现象，揭示了现有知识差距。土壤中吸附、生物降解、新烟碱类杀虫剂的化学转化以及淋溶到地下水中，以及地下水/地表水的相互作用，都被强调了，因为它们决定了它们从源头进一步迁移，通过土壤到地下水系统，然后到其他环境组分，从而对生态和人类构成风险。确定了新烟碱类杀虫剂在土壤-水系统中的归宿方面存在一些关键的知识空白，这些空白主要涉及发生在地下水中的过程和途径，需要进一步研究来评估对人类和生态系统的相关风险。
