Effect of leachate effluent from activated sludge and membrane bioreactor systems with acclimatized sludge on plant seed germination.

This research comparatively investigates the effect of landfill leachate effluent of two biological treatment schemes on germination of Lactuca sativa and Vigna radiata. The treatment schemes are two-stage activated sludge (AS) and two-stage membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems with acclimatized seed sludge. The AS and MBR are operated under two concentrations of landfill leachate influent: moderate (condition 1) and elevated (condition 2). The results show that, under condition 1, the AS and MBR efficiently remove 80-96% of organic compounds and nutrients and 81-100% of harmful micropollutants. Under condition 2 with elevated influent concentration, MBR is more effective in biodegrading micropollutants than the AS system. The germination rate (GR) and germination seed index (GSI) of L. sativa and V. radiata germinated with AS and MBR effluent from condition 1 are 100% and 1.29-1.56. Under condition 2, the GR and GSI with AS effluent are reduced to 80% and 0.65-0.77, while those with MBR effluent are 100% and 1.27-1.38. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis indicates that the bacterial community in the MBR is more abundant than in the AS, especially ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrobacter, and Nitrospira, which aid heterotrophic bacteria in biodegradation of micropollutants and promote the growth of heterotrophs. The bacterial abundance and community composition render the MBR scheme more operationally suitable for elevated landfill-leachate influent concentrations. By comparison, the MBR system is more effective in removal of micropollutants than the AS, as evidenced by higher GR and GSI. The technology also could potentially be applied to water reclamation. A lack of technological and financial resources in many developing countries nevertheless precludes the adoption of MBR despite higher pollutant removal efficiency. An alternative solution is the use of acclimatized seed sludge in AS system to enhance treatment efficiency, especially in influent with low concentrations of micropollutants. In addition, the seed germination results suggest the possibility of water reuse in agriculture.