Pilots' Visual Scanning Behaviors During an Instrument Landing System Approach.

Since eye movement can provide a reliable index of the attention allocation, which can assist in understanding pilots' cognitive state, this study investigated the effect of pilots' experience and the autopilot mode on their attention allocation on the Primary Flight Display (PFD) and Multi-Function Display (MFD) during an approach task. There were 16 pilots who were classified into two levels of aviation expertise depending on the flight hours, and required to fly an Instrument Landing System approach. Their visual scanning behaviors were recorded through an eye tracker and analyzed based on fixation number and dwell time. The results revealed that the pilot experience level, instrument panel and autopilot mode all had significant impact on the fixation time ratio and dwell time. The pilots fixated most often on the PFD and had shorter dwell time. Furthermore, they had a lower fixation number and shorter dwell time on the PFD and MFD when the autopilot was off that they should allocate visual resources to the others (e.g., out-of-the-window) and obtain more information to maintain overall situation awareness under higher time pressure. Compared to pilots with more expertise, pilots with less expertise had an increased fixation number and decreased dwell time on the airspeed after turning off the autopilot. The present study indicated that the pilots had different visual scanning modes according to the flight mode and their experience. We expect that pilots' visual scanning behaviors during tasks will help the training and the design of the human-machine interaction.