Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity' Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Trends Neurosci. 2020 Jul;43(7):533-543. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.010. Epub 2020 May 11.
Exercise has been shown to benefit brain structure and function, particularly in aging populations. However, the mechanisms by which exercise exerts its effects, especially in humans, are not fully understood. This review argues that one reason for this knowledge gap is that exercise likely operates through multiple levels of mechanisms. Furthermore, the mechanisms of exercise may vary depending on factors such as age and health state. We discuss the state of evidence at each of three levels of analysis (molecular/cellular, brain structure/function, and mental states and higher-order behaviors) and highlight consistencies across these levels, inconsistencies within them, and knowledge gaps. Lastly, based on these, we speculate about which mechanisms of exercise may be universal across age groups and populations versus those that might be distinct to specific age ranges or populations.
锻炼已被证明有益于大脑结构和功能，尤其是在老年人群体中。然而，锻炼发挥作用的机制，特别是在人类身上的作用机制，尚未完全被理解。这篇综述认为，造成这一知识差距的原因之一是，锻炼可能通过多种机制发挥作用。此外，锻炼的机制可能因年龄和健康状况等因素而有所不同。我们讨论了在三个分析层面（分子/细胞、大脑结构/功能以及心理状态和更高阶行为）的证据状况，并强调了这些层面之间的一致性、它们内部的不一致性以及知识空白。最后，基于这些，我们推测哪些锻炼机制可能在年龄组和人群中具有普遍性，而哪些机制可能只存在于特定的年龄范围或人群中。
