Lipooligosaccharide Has Varied Direct and Indirect Roles in Evading both Innate and Adaptive Host Immune Responses.

bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens which can cause a variety of disease in humans and other vertebrate animals. To successfully complete its life cycle, must evade both intracellular innate immune responses and adaptive cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we report on the role of the chlamydial lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in evading the immune response. infection is known to block the induction of apoptosis. However, when LOS synthesis was inhibited during infection, HeLa cells regained susceptibility to apoptosis induction following staurosporine treatment. Additionally, the delivery of purified LOS to the cytosol of cells increased the levels of the antiapoptotic protein survivin. An increase in survivin levels was also detected following infection, which was reversed by blocking LOS synthesis. Interestingly, while intracellular delivery of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from was toxic to cells, LOS from did not induce any appreciable cell death, suggesting that it does not activate pyroptosis. Chlamydial LOS was also a poor stimulator of maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells compared to LPS. Previous work from our group indicated that LOS synthesis during infection was necessary to alter host cell antigen presentation. However, direct delivery of LOS to cells in the absence of infection did not alter antigenic peptide presentation. Taken together, these data suggest that chlamydial LOS, which is remarkably conserved across the genus , may act both directly and indirectly to allow the pathogen to evade the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host.