English Andrew, Irwin Nigel
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019 Dec 12;12:1179551419888871. doi: 10.1177/1179551419888871. eCollection 2019.
The pancreas has physiologically important endocrine and exocrine functions; secreting enzymes into the small intestine to aid digestion and releasing multiple peptide hormones via the islets of Langerhans to regulate glucose metabolism, respectively. Insulin and glucagon, in combination with ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin, are the main classical islet peptides critical for the maintenance of blood glucose. However, pancreatic islets also synthesis numerous 'nonclassical' peptides that have recently been demonstrated to exert fundamental effects on overall islet function and metabolism. As such, insights into the physiological relevance of these nonclassical peptides have shown impact on glucose metabolism, insulin action, cell survival, weight loss, and energy expenditure. This review will focus on the role of individual nonclassical islet peptides to stimulate pancreatic islet secretions as well as regulate metabolism. In addition, the more recognised actions of these peptides on satiety and energy regulation will also be considered. Furthermore, recent advances in the field of peptide therapeutics and obesity-diabetes have focused on the benefits of simultaneously targeting several hormone receptor signalling cascades. The potential for nonclassical islet hormones within such combinational approaches will also be discussed.
胰腺具有重要的生理内分泌和外分泌功能；分别向小肠分泌酶以帮助消化，并通过胰岛释放多种肽类激素来调节葡萄糖代谢。胰岛素、胰高血糖素与胃饥饿素、胰多肽和生长抑素一起，是维持血糖水平至关重要的主要经典胰岛肽。然而，胰岛还合成许多“非经典”肽，最近已证明这些肽对整体胰岛功能和代谢具有重要作用。因此，对这些非经典肽生理相关性的深入了解已显示出对葡萄糖代谢、胰岛素作用、细胞存活、体重减轻和能量消耗的影响。本综述将重点关注单个非经典胰岛肽在刺激胰岛分泌以及调节代谢方面的作用。此外，还将考虑这些肽在饱腹感和能量调节方面更公认的作用。此外，肽疗法和肥胖 - 糖尿病领域的最新进展集中在同时靶向多个激素受体信号级联反应的益处上。还将讨论非经典胰岛激素在这种联合方法中的潜力。
