Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Sep 1;200:110762. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110762. Epub 2020 May 23.
Consumption of alcohol and new psychoactive substances (NPS) in a population or during special events (music festivals) is usually monitored through individual questionnaires, forensic and toxicological data, and drug seizures. However, consumption estimates have some biases due mostly to the unknown composition of drug pills for NPS and stockpiling for alcohol. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the real use of alcohol and the occurrence of NPS in Slovakia by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Urban wastewater samples were collected from nine Slovak cities over two years (2017-2018) and during three music festivals. The study included about 20% of the Slovak population and 50 000 festival attendees. The urinary alcohol biomarker ethyl sulfate (EtS) and thirty NPS were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC - MS/MS). EtS concentrations were used for estimating the per capita alcohol consumption in each city. The average alcohol consumption in the selected cities and festivals in 2017-2018 ranged between 7 and 126 L/day/1000 inhabitants and increased during the weekends and music festivals. Five NPS belonging to the classes of synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, methcathinone, buphedrone and pentedrone) and phenethylamines (25-iP-NBoMe) were found in the low ng/L range. Methcathinone was the most frequently detected NPS, while the highest normalized mass load corresponded to mephedrone (3.1 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). Wastewater-based epidemiology can provide timely information on alcohol consumption and NPS occurrence at the community level that is complementary to epidemiology-based monitoring techniques (e.g. population surveys, police seizures, sales statistics).
人群或特殊事件（音乐节）中酒精和新精神活性物质（NPS）的消费通常通过个人问卷、法医和毒理学数据以及药物缉获情况进行监测。然而，由于 NPS 药物丸的未知成分和酒精的库存，消费估计存在一些偏差。本研究首次通过基于污水的流行病学（WBE）评估了斯洛伐克的实际酒精使用和 NPS 的发生情况。在两年（2017-2018 年）和三个音乐节期间，从斯洛伐克的九个城市采集了城市污水样本。该研究包括约 20%的斯洛伐克人口和 50000 名音乐节参与者。采用液相色谱串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）分析尿液酒精生物标志物乙基硫酸盐（EtS）和 30 种 NPS。使用 EtS 浓度估算每个城市的人均酒精消费量。2017-2018 年选定城市和音乐节的平均酒精消费量在 7 至 126 L/天/1000 居民之间，周末和音乐节期间有所增加。在低 ng/L 范围内发现了属于合成卡西酮类（Mephedrone、Methcathinone、Buphedrone 和 Pentedrone）和苯乙胺类（25-iP-NBoMe）的五种 NPS。Methcathinone 是最常检测到的 NPS，而归一化质量负荷最高的对应物是 Mephedrone（3.1 mg/天/1000 居民）。基于污水的流行病学可以提供有关社区层面酒精消费和 NPS 发生的及时信息，这与基于流行病学的监测技术（例如人口调查、警方缉获、销售统计）互补。
