Post-Graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Brazil.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Sep 10;734:139374. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139374. Epub 2020 May 14.
Despite the fact that the occurrence of emerging contaminants in the environment has become frequent in recent decades, the seasonal dynamics of contaminants in different environmental compartments are little studied in protected areas influenced by effluent discharges. In this study, the seasonal and spatial occurrence of 33 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) was investigated in surface waters and sediments from Anil and Bacanga rivers (northeast of Brazil). The studied area is located within a Wetland of International Importance by Ramsar Convention (Amazon Estuary and its Mangroves). Sample preparation was carried out using solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS, for water and sediment samples, respectively and all determinations were performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Eleven PPCPs were detected in water samples and 14 in sediments. In aqueous samples, caffeine was the most occurring compound reaching 13,798 ng L. In addition, high levels of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and diclofenac were also observed. In the sediment samples, triclocarban, benzophenone-3, ketoconazole and methylparaben were also detected. The spatial and temporal distribution of the assessed molecules indicates urbanization and anthropic activities as relevant sources of PPCPs in the region. Moreover, the levels of acetaminophen, caffeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, benzophenone-3, triclosan and triclocarban measured within the Ramsar site pose a high risk to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. These findings indicate potential threats to the allegedly protected biodiversity and, therefore, urgent actions are needed to effectively protect this unique and vulnerable area.
尽管新兴污染物在环境中的出现近年来变得越来越频繁，但受污水排放影响的保护区中不同环境介质中污染物的季节性动态仍鲜有研究。在这项研究中，调查了巴西东北部阿尼莱和巴坎加河（Anil and Bacanga rivers）的地表水和沉积物中 33 种药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）的季节性和空间分布。研究区域位于具有拉姆萨尔公约（亚马逊河口及其红树林）国际重要湿地地位的范围内。水样和沉积物样分别采用固相萃取和 QuEChERS 进行样品前处理，所有测定均采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行。在水样中检测到 11 种 PPCPs，在沉积物中检测到 14 种。在水样中，咖啡因是最常见的化合物，其浓度达到 13798ng/L。此外，还观察到高浓度的对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬、磺胺甲恶唑、卡马西平和双氯芬酸。在沉积物样品中，还检测到三氯卡班、二苯甲酮-3、酮康唑和甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯。评估分子的时空分布表明，城市化和人为活动是该地区 PPCPs 的重要来源。此外，在拉姆萨尔地点测量的对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、双氯芬酸、布洛芬、二苯甲酮-3、三氯生和三氯卡班的水平对水生和陆地生物构成了高风险。这些发现表明，据称受保护的生物多样性面临潜在威胁，因此需要采取紧急行动，以有效保护这一独特而脆弱的地区。
