University of Warsaw, ul. Długa 44/50, 00-241, Warsaw, Poland.
University of Warsaw, ul. Długa 44/50, 00-241, Warsaw, Poland; Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital, Vienna Institute of Demography/Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
Soc Sci Res. 2020 May-Jul;88-89:102416. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102416. Epub 2020 Mar 19.
Mothers tend to receive lower wages than comparable childless women. This 'motherhood wage gap' has been reported in numerous studies. We summarize the existing empirical evidence on this topic using meta-analysis and test for several mechanisms which can be responsible for the persistence of the wage gap. Based on 208 wage effects of having exactly one child and 245 wage effects of the total number of children, we find an average motherhood wage gap of around 3.6-3.8%. While the gaps associated with the total number of children are mostly explained by the loss of mothers' human capital during child-related career breaks, the gaps associated with one child are predominantly driven by mothers' choice of jobs and occupations that pay less. The residual gap is smallest in Nordic countries, where public policies actively support gender equality and reconciliation of work and family, as well as Belgium and France, and largest in the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Anglo-Saxon countries.
母亲的工资往往低于可比的不生育女性。这一“母亲工资差距”在众多研究中都有报道。我们使用荟萃分析总结了这一主题的现有实证证据，并检验了几个可能导致工资差距持续存在的机制。基于 208 个关于生育一个孩子的工资效应和 245 个关于孩子总数的工资效应，我们发现母亲工资差距的平均值约为 3.6-3.8%。虽然与孩子总数相关的差距主要归因于母亲在与育儿相关的职业中断期间人力资本的损失，但与生育一个孩子相关的差距主要是由母亲选择薪酬较低的工作和职业造成的。在积极支持性别平等以及工作与家庭协调的北欧国家（如挪威、瑞典和丹麦）以及比利时和法国，剩余差距最小，而在中欧和东欧的前社会主义国家以及盎格鲁-撒克逊国家，这一差距最大。
