Citrona Farms, 21440 County Road 87, Winters, CA 95694, USA.
Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8051 Zurich, Switzerland.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2020 Jul 20;375(1803):20190499. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0499. Epub 2020 Jun 1.
According to the Cooperative Breeding Hypothesis, apes with the life-history attributes of those in the line leading to the genus could not have evolved unless male and female allomothers had begun to help mothers care for and provision offspring. As proposed elsewhere, the unusual way hominins reared their young generated novel phenotypes subsequently subjected to Darwinian social selection favouring those young apes best at monitoring the intentions, mental states and preferences of others and most motivated to attract and appeal to caretakers. Not only were youngsters acquiring information in social contexts different from those of other apes, but they would also have been emotionally and neurophysiologically different from them in ways that are relevant to how humans learn. Contingently delivered rewards to dependents who attracted and ingratiated themselves with allomothers shaped their behaviours and vocalizations and transformed the way developing youngsters learned from others and internalized their preferences. This article is part of the theme issue 'Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
根据合作繁殖假说，如果雄性和雌性的代母没有开始帮助母亲照顾和喂养后代，那么那些具有导致属的生命史特征的猿类就不可能进化。正如其他地方所提出的，人类以不同寻常的方式养育他们的后代，产生了新的表型，随后这些表型受到达尔文社会选择的青睐，有利于那些最善于监控他人意图、心理状态和偏好的年轻猿类，并最有动力吸引和取悦照顾者。不仅年轻人在社会环境中获得的信息与其他猿类不同，而且他们在情感和神经生理学方面也与其他猿类不同，这与人类学习的方式有关。给吸引和讨好代母的依赖者偶然提供奖励，塑造了他们的行为和发声方式，并改变了发展中的年轻人向他人学习和内化他们的偏好的方式。本文是主题为“生活史和学习：童年、照顾和老年如何塑造人类和其他动物的认知和文化”的一部分。
