Hu Wen-Hao, Duan Mei-Chun, Na Shu-Hao, Zhang Feng, Yu Zhen-Rong
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2020 Feb;31(2):643-650. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202002.020.
Spiders are important natural enemies in agricultural ecosystems. The biodiversity and community characteristics of spider directly determine the quality of ecosystem services such as pest control in cropland. Cropland and its surrounding recovery habitats are important for spiders. We used trap method to examine species composition, species diversity, and functional characteristics of spider communities at three altitudes (871, 1360 and 1635 m) and three habitats (cropland, natural recovery grassland, artificial restoration woodland) in Chongli District, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that diversity index of different habitats was significantly diffe-rent. The abundance of spiders in artificial restoration woodland was 124.3, which was significantly higher than that in natural recovery grassland (70.1) and cropland (38.6). Species richness of artificial restoration woodland (16.3) and natural recovery grassland (21.4) were not significantly different, but both were significantly higher than those of cropland (8.9). The Shannon diversity index of artificial restoration woodland (2.04) and natural recovery grassland (2.05) was not significantly different, and both were significantly higher than that of cropland (1.55). There were significant differences in community composition among all three habitats. Spider body length was positively correlated with spider hunting types. Large spiders tended to get food by hunting. Natural recovery grassland and cropland spiders were dominated by safari, and artificial restoration woodland with more web-forming spiders. Spiders at higher altitude were generally small. Both natural recovery grassland and artificial restoration woodland could increase spider diversity and played important roles in regional biodiversity protection. Spider community composition differentiated in different habitats, with the overall functional characteristics of spider communities being changed and some habitats being retained. The index of spider diversity of the two recovery habitats was higher than that of cropland habitats, with differences in the species composition of the two recovery habitats, both of which had the function of protecting endemic species. Our results were useful for the protection and restoration of spider biodiversity on cropland and regional scales.
蜘蛛是农业生态系统中的重要天敌。蜘蛛的生物多样性和群落特征直接决定了农田害虫控制等生态系统服务的质量。农田及其周边的恢复栖息地对蜘蛛很重要。我们采用陷阱法，对中国河北省张家口市崇礼区三个海拔高度（871米、1360米和1635米）以及三种栖息地（农田、自然恢复草地、人工恢复林地）的蜘蛛群落的物种组成、物种多样性和功能特征进行了研究。结果表明，不同栖息地的多样性指数存在显著差异。人工恢复林地中蜘蛛的丰度为124.3，显著高于自然恢复草地（70.1）和农田（38.6）。人工恢复林地（16.3）和自然恢复草地（21.4）的物种丰富度没有显著差异，但均显著高于农田（8.9）。人工恢复林地（2.04）和自然恢复草地（2.05）的香农多样性指数没有显著差异，且均显著高于农田（1.55）。三种栖息地的群落组成存在显著差异。蜘蛛体长与捕食类型呈正相关。大型蜘蛛倾向于通过捕猎获取食物。自然恢复草地和农田的蜘蛛以游猎型为主，而人工恢复林地中结网型蜘蛛较多。海拔较高处的蜘蛛一般体型较小。自然恢复草地和人工恢复林地都能增加蜘蛛多样性，在区域生物多样性保护中发挥重要作用。蜘蛛群落组成在不同栖息地存在差异，蜘蛛群落的整体功能特征发生了变化，部分栖息地特征得以保留。两种恢复栖息地的蜘蛛多样性指数均高于农田栖息地，两种恢复栖息地的物种组成存在差异，二者均具有保护特有物种的功能。我们的研究结果有助于农田和区域尺度上蜘蛛生物多样性的保护与恢复。
