Haleem Syed Mohammad, Sharma Toishi, Chaudhari Sameer S.
Army Medical College (NUST)
Self Regional Healthcare
In 1929, a surgical resident named Werner Forssmann in Germany performed the first right heart catheterization on a human by inserting a 65 cm urethral catheter into himself through his left antecubital vein. He then advanced it into the right atrium and administered drugs directly into the right heart chambers. Before that, Reverend Stephen Hale, an English Vicar, performed equine venous cannulation in the 1700s. The physiologist Claude Bernard performed equine jugular venous and carotid artery cannulation using glass tubes in 1844 to measure the temperature of both ventricles. Although it had been performed on animals in the past, this was the first time such a procedure had been attempted on a human. This, in combination with x-ray imaging, gave rise to the concept of catheterization procedures that use catheters placed via the arteries or veins to image, diagnose, and treat conditions without the need for open surgery. Clinicians further advanced right heart catheterization techniques and catheter design. In New York, André Frédéric Cournand and Dickinson W Richards helped establish the foundation for modern central and peripheral catheterization procedures. Along with Werner Forssmann, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 for their contributions. The right heart catheter was then used extensively to study cardiac and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with chronic pulmonary disease and congenital heart disease. The catheter was referred to as a pulmonary artery catheter, as it was essential to measure cardiac output by sampling mixed venous blood from the pulmonary artery. Dr Harold J Swan added a balloon to the catheter tip of a standard pulmonary catheter, allowing for bedside placement via flotation and an opportunity to continuously measure pressure in the right atrium and pulmonary arteries. Dr William Ganz developed the idea of using a thermistor at the tip, which allowed for direct cardiac output measurement using the thermodilution technique. Due to the widespread use of this catheter thereafter, the pulmonary artery catheter became commonly known as the "Swan-Ganz" catheter.
1929年，德国一名叫维尔纳·福斯曼的外科住院医生通过左肘前静脉将一根65厘米长的尿道导管插入自己体内，首次在人体上进行了右心导管插入术。然后他将导管推进到右心房，并直接将药物注入右心腔。在此之前，英国牧师斯蒂芬·黑尔在18世纪进行了马的静脉插管。1844年，生理学家克劳德·伯纳德用玻璃管进行了马的颈静脉和颈动脉插管，以测量两个心室的温度。尽管过去曾在动物身上进行过此类操作，但这是首次尝试在人体上进行这样的手术。这与x光成像相结合，催生了导管插入术的概念，即通过动脉或静脉放置导管来成像、诊断和治疗疾病，而无需进行开放手术。临床医生进一步改进了右心导管插入术技术和导管设计。在纽约，安德烈·弗雷德里克·库南德和迪金森·W·理查兹帮助奠定了现代中心和外周导管插入术的基础。他们与维尔纳·福斯曼一起，因其贡献于1956年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。随后，右心导管被广泛用于研究慢性肺病和先天性心脏病患者的心脏和肺血流动力学。该导管被称为肺动脉导管，因为通过从肺动脉采集混合静脉血来测量心输出量至关重要。哈罗德·J·斯旺医生在标准肺动脉导管的尖端添加了一个气囊，使得可以通过漂浮在床边放置导管，并有机会连续测量右心房和肺动脉的压力。威廉·甘兹医生提出在尖端使用热敏电阻的想法，这使得可以使用热稀释技术直接测量心输出量。此后，由于这种导管的广泛使用，肺动脉导管通常被称为“斯旺-甘兹”导管。
