Biomarker responses in terrestrial gastropods exposed to pollutants: A comprehensive review.

The chemical contamination of terrestrial ecosystems is a great concern as these ecosystems are the target of most of the pollutants derived from anthropogenic activities such as pesticides, heavy metals, nanoparticles, and others. Terrestrial gastropods are considered to be excellent sentinel organisms for biological monitoring of environmental pollution, as they have the ability to accumulate chemicals in their tissues and exhibit a great potential to evaluate the ecological effects of pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. The use of biomarkers as sensitive parameters to estimate the exposure or resulting effects of chemicals have received considerable attention. The successful biomarker must be applicable in the laboratory and field conditions. Many biomarkers have been examined to understand the adverse effects of pollutants. In this review, we shed light on different types of biomarkers, such as oxidative stress, genotoxicity and immunotoxicity as diagnostic tools for monitoring the impacts of pollution. These biomarkers can provide information about early detection and quantification of these impacts during their initial manifestations and can facilitate the implementation of a rapid preventive and/or restorative responses in the affected ecosystems, as well as single or multiple biomarkers can be integrated into routine monitoring programs.