Chloride salinity in a chloride-sensitive plant: Focusing on photosynthesis, hormone synthesis and transduction in tobacco.

Chloride (Cl) is a micronutrient and a beneficial ion for plant growth, but excess Cl easily leads to Cl salinity. As a species sensitive to Cl, tobacco experiences serious damage when encountering excessive Cl. However, the molecular mechanism by which excess Cl delays plant growth and development remain largely unknown. In this study, physiological, biochemical and genetic responses were determined in tobacco plants exposed to 12 h, 24 h and 48 h of Cl salinity. Compared with the control, Cl salinity increased the content of Cl and decreased the relative water content (RWC) in tobacco, which severely limited the photosynthetic capacity and reduced photosynthetic products, resulting in decreased levels of auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA3). In addition, tobacco increased the content of starch, total phenol and increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in response to Cl salinity. Multi-omics results revealed that a total of 15,445 genes and 1983 proteins were differentially abundant in response to Cl salinity. Two metabolic pathways, phenylalanine metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism, were specifically enriched in the transcriptomic and proteomic data, respectively. In addition, our conjoint analysis of RNA-Seq and proteomics data revealed that 734 differentially abundant genes/proteins were enriched mainly in plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna protein pathways. Our work presented here not only provides new insights into the molecular response of tobacco to Cl salinity but also offers important guidance for the improvement of Cl sensitive crops.