Department of Pulmonology and Occupational Medicine, Zonguldak Atatürk State Hospital, Zonguldak, Turkey.
Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020 Jun 6;20(8):38. doi: 10.1007/s11882-020-00931-7.
Occupational allergic diseases (OAD) such as occupational contact dermatitis (OCD), occupational asthma (OA), and occupational rhinitis (OR) are the most prevalent occupational diseases in industrialized countries. The purpose of this review is to provide an update about the main occupational metal and solvent exposures related to allergy and airway diseases and to discuss newly defined causative agents and industries in this field.
Currently for over 400 causative agents for OA and OCD, several hundreds of agents for OR have been identified. Although many studies have reported an overall decline in OAD related to known agents after implementation of efficient and effective workplace preventive measures, the constant development of new products continuously introduces to the market potential unknown respiratory hazards. Workplace allergens are often high molecular weight (HMW) agents that are > 10 kDa molecular weight and capable of eliciting IgE sensitization. Sensitizing low molecular weight (LMW) agents are often reactive chemicals. Metals and solvents are two large causative agent groups related to OADs that mainly behave as LMW (< 10 kDa) sensitizers and/or irritants. Avoidance of causative exposures through control strategies is the primary prevention approach for OADs. These strategies must be applied and covered for all known and newly defined causative agents. This review aims to summarize current status of known occupational metal and solvent exposures related to allergy and airway diseases and to discuss newly defined causative agents and industries in this field.
职业性过敏性疾病（OAD），如职业性接触性皮炎（OCD）、职业性哮喘（OA）和职业性鼻炎（OR），是工业化国家最常见的职业病。本文旨在提供有关与过敏和气道疾病相关的主要职业性金属和溶剂暴露的最新信息，并讨论该领域新定义的致病因子和行业。
目前，已知 OA 和 OCD 的致病因子超过 400 种，OR 的致病因子也有数百种。尽管许多研究报告称，在实施有效和有效的工作场所预防措施后，与已知因子相关的 OAD 总体有所下降，但新产品的不断开发不断为市场带来潜在的未知呼吸危害。工作场所过敏原通常是高分子量（HMW）的物质，分子量大于 10 kDa，能够引起 IgE 致敏。低分子量（LMW）的致敏剂通常是反应性化学物质。金属和溶剂是与 OAD 相关的两个主要致病因子组，主要表现为 LMW（<10 kDa）致敏剂和/或刺激物。通过控制策略避免接触致病因子是 OAD 的主要预防方法。这些策略必须针对所有已知和新定义的致病因子进行应用和覆盖。本文旨在总结目前已知的与过敏和气道疾病相关的职业性金属和溶剂暴露的现状，并讨论该领域新定义的致病因子和行业。
