John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2020 Aug;70(8):795-809. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1772901.
This study models emissions quantities and neighboring exposure concentrations of six airborne pollutants, including PM, PM, crystalline silica, arsenic, uranium, and barium, which resulted from the disposal of Marcellus shale drill cuttings waste during the 2011-2017 period. Using these predicted exposures, this study evaluates current setback distances required in Pennsylvania from waste facilities. For potential residents living at the perimeter of the current setback distance, 274 m (900 ft), a waste disposal rate of 612.4 metric tons per day at landfills (the 99th percentile in record) does not result in exceedances of the exposure limits for any of the six investigated pollutants. However, the current setback distance can result in exceedance with respect to the 24-hr daily concentration standards for PM and PM established in the National Air Ambient Quality Standards (NAAQS), if daily waste disposal rate surpasses 900 metric tons per day. Dry depositions of barium-containing and uranium-containing particulate matter should not be a danger to public health based on these results. To investigate the air quality impacts of waste transportation and the potential for reductions, this article describes an optimization of landfill locations in Pennsylvania indicating the potential benefits in reduced environmental health hazard level possible by decreasing the distance traveled by waste disposal trucks. This strategy could reduce annual emissions of PM and PM by a mean of 64% and reduce the expected number of annual fatal accidents by nearly half, and should be considered a potential risk management goal in the long run. Therefore, policy to limit or encourage reduction of distances traveled by waste removal trucks and manage setback distances as a function of delivered waste quantities is merited. Implications This study shows the necessity of reviewing current setback distance required in Pennsylvania, which might not ensure 24-hr mean PM and PM levels below the values stated in National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the residents living at the perimeter. Furthermore, this study also reveals potential tremendous benefits from optimizing location of landfills accepting drill cuttings within Pennsylvania, with PM and PM emission, total distance traveled shrinking, and number of fatal accidents shrinking by nearly half.
本研究模拟了 2011-2017 年期间马塞勒斯页岩岩屑废物处置过程中六种空气污染物（包括 PM、PM、结晶二氧化硅、砷、铀和钡）的排放量和邻近暴露浓度。利用这些预测的暴露量，本研究评估了宾夕法尼亚州目前从废物设施到居民区的距离要求。对于当前后退距离（274 米或 900 英尺）边界内的潜在居民，如果废物填埋场的废物处置率为每天 612.4 公吨（创历史记录的第 99 百分位数），则不会导致任何六种研究污染物的暴露限值超标。然而，如果废物处置率每天超过 900 公吨，就可能会导致 PM 和 PM 的 24 小时日平均浓度标准超标，这两种污染物均为国家空气环境质量标准（NAAQS）所规定。根据这些结果，钡和铀含量的干沉降颗粒物不太可能对公共健康构成威胁。为了研究废物运输对空气质量的影响及其减少的可能性，本文描述了宾夕法尼亚州垃圾填埋场位置的优化，表明通过减少废物处理卡车的行驶距离，可降低环境健康危害水平，具有潜在的效益。这种策略可使 PM 和 PM 的年排放量平均减少 64%，并使年致命事故的预期数量减少近一半，从长远来看，这应被视为一个潜在的风险管理目标。因此，有必要制定限制或鼓励减少废物清运卡车行驶距离的政策，并根据交付的废物量来管理后退距离。研究意义本研究表明有必要重新审查宾夕法尼亚州目前所需的后退距离，因为这可能无法确保居住在边界内的居民 24 小时 PM 和 PM 平均水平低于国家环境空气质量标准规定的水平。此外，本研究还揭示了通过在宾夕法尼亚州优化接受钻井岩屑的垃圾填埋场位置，从多方面获得潜在的巨大效益，包括 PM 和 PM 排放量减少、总行驶距离缩短以及致命事故数量减少近一半。
