Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Crosstalk With the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Metabolic Regulation in the Eurasian Tree Sparrow During Mating and Non-mating Periods.

Reproduction is an energetically costly phenomenon. Therefore, to optimize reproductive success, male birds invest enough energetic resources for maintaining well-developed testes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in birds can crosstalk with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, thus orchestrating both the reproduction and metabolism. However, until now, how the free-living birds timely optimize both the energy metabolism and reproduction via HPT-axis is not understood. To uncover this physiological mechanism, we investigated the relationships among body mass, testis size, plasma hormones including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T), triiodothyronine (T), metabolites including glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), uric acid (UA), diencephalon mRNA expressions of type 2 () and 3 () iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (), thyroid-stimulating hormone (, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (, and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone () in a male Eurasian tree sparrow (ETS, ). We found significantly larger testis size; elevated diencephalon and mRNA expressions, plasma T, and UA levels; and significantly lowered Glu, TG, and TC levels during mating relative to the non-mating stages in male ETSs. However, , and mRNA expression did not vary with the stage. Furthermore, life-history stage dependent variation in plasma T had both direct effects on the available energy substrates and indirect effects on body mass and testis size, indicating a complex regulation of metabolic pathways through the HPT- and HPG-axes. The identified differences and relationships in mRNA expression, plasma T and metabolites, and testis size in male ETSs contribute to our understanding how free-living birds adjust their molecular, endocrinal, and biochemical features to orchestrate their reproductive physiology and metabolism for the maintenance of well-developed testes.