ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, the Netherlands.
Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences - Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, the Netherlands.
Environ Int. 2020 Sep;142:105808. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105808. Epub 2020 Jun 15.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between estimated whole-brain and lobe-specific radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) doses, using an improved integrated RF-EMF exposure model, and brain volumes in preadolescents at 9-12 years old. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis in preadolescents aged 9-12 years from the Generation R Study, a population-based birth cohort set up in Rotterdam, The Netherlands (n = 2592). An integrated exposure model was used to estimate whole-brain and lobe-specific RF-EMF doses (mJ/kg/day) from different RF-EMF sources including mobile and Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) phone calls, other mobile phone uses than calling, tablet use, laptop use, and far-field sources. Whole-brain and lobe-specific RF-EMF doses were estimated for all RF-EMF sources together (i.e. overall) and for three groups of RF-EMF sources that lead to a different pattern of RF-EMF exposure. Information on brain volumes was extracted from magnetic resonance imaging scans. RESULTS: Estimated overall whole-brain RF-EMF dose was 84.3 mJ/kg/day. The highest overall lobe-specific dose was estimated in the temporal lobe (307.1 mJ/kg/day). Whole-brain and lobe-specific RF-EMF doses from all RF-EMF sources together, from mobile and DECT phone calls, and from far-field sources were not associated with global, cortical, or subcortical brain volumes. However, a higher whole-brain RF-EMF dose from mobile phone use for internet browsing, e-mailing, and text messaging, tablet use, and laptop use while wirelessly connected to the internet was associated with a smaller caudate volume. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that estimated whole-brain and lobe-specific RF-EMF doses were not related to brain volumes in preadolescents at 9-12 years old. Screen activities with mobile communication devices while wirelessly connected to the internet lead to low RF-EMF dose to the brain and our observed association may thus rather reflect effects of social or individual factors related to these specific uses of mobile communication devices. However, we cannot discard residual confounding, chance finding, or reverse causality. Further studies on mobile communication devices and their potential negative associations with brain development are warranted, regardless whether associations are due to RF-EMF exposure or to other factors related to their use.
目的：使用改进的综合射频电磁辐射（RF-EMF）暴露模型，评估 9-12 岁前儿童全脑和特定脑叶的射频电磁场（RF-EMF）剂量与脑容量之间的关系。
方法：这是一项横断面研究，研究对象为荷兰鹿特丹出生队列研究（Generation R Study）中的 9-12 岁前儿童（n=2592）。该研究使用综合暴露模型来估计来自不同射频电磁辐射源（包括移动电话和数字增强无绳电话（DECT）通话、非通话用途的移动电话、平板电脑使用、笔记本电脑使用和远场源）的全脑和特定脑叶的射频电磁辐射剂量（mJ/kg/天）。我们同时估计了所有射频电磁辐射源的全脑和特定脑叶的射频电磁辐射剂量（即整体），以及导致不同射频电磁辐射暴露模式的三组射频电磁辐射源的射频电磁辐射剂量。从磁共振成像扫描中提取脑容量信息。
结果：估计的整体全脑射频电磁辐射剂量为 84.3 mJ/kg/天。估计的最高整体特定脑叶剂量位于颞叶（307.1 mJ/kg/天）。来自所有射频电磁辐射源的全脑和特定脑叶的射频电磁辐射剂量、移动电话和 DECT 电话以及远场源的射频电磁辐射剂量与全脑、皮质或皮质下脑容量均无相关性。然而，来自移动电话上网、电子邮件和短信浏览、平板电脑使用以及笔记本电脑无线连接互联网时的全脑射频电磁辐射剂量较高，与尾状核体积较小有关。
结论：我们的研究结果表明，9-12 岁前儿童的全脑和特定脑叶的射频电磁辐射剂量与脑容量无关。当通过无线方式连接到互联网时，使用具有移动通信功能的设备进行屏幕活动会导致大脑接收到的射频电磁辐射剂量较低，因此我们观察到的相关性可能更多地反映了与这些特定移动通信设备使用相关的社会或个体因素的影响。然而，我们不能排除残余混杂、偶然发现或反向因果关系的可能性。需要进一步研究移动通信设备及其与脑发育的潜在负相关关系，无论这些关联是由于射频电磁辐射暴露还是与使用相关的其他因素所致。
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018-10-9
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